Chiyambi cha chinenero cha Chirasha ndi matabwa ake lexical

Chirasha limabweretsa ambiri zinenero Asilavo, amene anawagawa East Asilavo (Russian, Chiyukireniya, Chibelarusi), West Asilavo (Polish, Czech, Slovak) ndi South Asilavo (Chibugariya, Chisebokroshiya ndi Slowinski).

Chiyambi cha chinenero Russian

Deta woyamba amene amafotokoza za maonekedwe ake, lotseguka kwa BC IX atumwi, pa nthawi imene anapanga kulemba Asilavo. zolondola zokhudza mafuko Asilavo zapakati pa m'ma IV. Masiku ano pali kale anali magulu atatu chachikulu cha Asilavo Choncho, ndi zinenero. Komabe, iwo ndi kwa IX-X zaka, pamene anali kulemba, kunali ofanana ndi matabwa ake kalembedwe ndi dongosolo lexical kuti mafuko osiyanasiyana mosavuta pomvetsetsana. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti chiyambi cha chinenero cha Chirasha ndipo ina Asilavo akuyamba ku drevnetserkovnoslavyanskogo ambiri kapena Old Church.

Nawonso zinenero Asilavo ali mbali ya m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, amene mulinso Greek, Latin, Modern Romance, Germany, Acelt, zinenero Baltic, ndi zinenero zina India ndi Iran. Zingaoneke, pakati pa masiku Persian, Albania ndi Russian chinenero ziribe kanthu kochita. Komabe, pamene poyerekeza kusanthula mbiri angaulule ena maziko wamba, izi zikusonyeza kuti zinenero zonse a gulu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, nthawi yaitali kwambiri anali ndi chinenero "nsanja" - chinenero m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, kumene anayamba chitukuko palokha. Nawonso chinenero Proto-Asilavo maziko a Chisilavo m'dziko la chinenero cha Chirasha. Chiyambi cha aliyense wa iwo, kotero ndondomeko nthawi yaitali kwambiri, zovuta ndi maganizo ndithu, kuti akayike magwero a chiyambi n'chotheka amayerekezera patalipatali kwambiri deta mbiri munali mbewu, akhala mitundu mawu akale ndi yamanga chinenero.

Chiyambi cha mawu mu chinenero Russian

Mawu a chinenero Modern Russian kusanduka pa nthawi yaitali kwambiri. The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe dongosolo lexical aliyense chinenero, kuphatikizapo Russian, kumagwirizana ndi chitukuko cha mtundu, chitukuko mbiri ya anthu. Pa mtima za ndondomekoyi kuzindikiridwa zigawo ziwiri: a mawu primordial zinalili mu chinenero kuyambira nthawi yakale, ndi mawu abwereka, amene pang'onopang'ono kukhala mbali ya dongosolo lake lexical.

Mu mawu zaka zakubadwa Russian kuphatikiza magulu a mawu ndi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, East Asilavo, Old Russian ndi Russian zapansi Ndipotu kunenanso chiyambi cha chinenero cha Chirasha.

mawu a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya analowa Russian ku kachitidwe kakale kuti amene anali a zinenero Chisilavo. Awa ndiwo mawu kutanthauza ubwenzi: Mayi, bambo, mwana wamkazi; nyama, ng'ombe, nkhosa; chakudya - fupa, nyama ndi ena.

Mawu a chinenero Asilavo tinatengera kwa mgwirizano zinenero mafuko Asilavo, kuyambira VI m'ma AD Ndi mawu kutanthauza zomera ndi zinyama - laimu, tsamba, thundu, mtengo, nkhalango, muzu, nthambi, mapira, nandolo, balere, etc. Gulu lexical zikuphatikizapo mfundo kusonyeza zida ndi mayendedwe - khasu, yokhotakhota, nsalu, mbedza, kulipira, etc. mawu okhudzana ndi nkhani ya nyumba, chakudya, banja katundu, mbalame ndi nyama.

Mawu mu chinenero cha Chirasha wa East Asilavo kapena Old Russian mawu. Anachokera pa mapangidwe Kievan Lazaro, zimene zinaphatikizapo mafuko a kum'mawa Asilavo. Awa ndiwo mawu zimachitika mu zinenero zitatu zokha East Asilavo Mwachitsanzo, kusonyeza khalidwe la zochitika - wabwino, rokotat; ena digiri zimakhalira - sitepe-mwana, amalume: ena mwa maina a mbalame ndi nyama, etc.

Kwenikweni Chirasha mu mawu anaonekera mu chinenero pambuyo mapangidwe Wamkulu Russian dziko, pamene anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe ndi kukhala national Chirasha za m'nthawi XVII. Awa ndi ena mfundo zomwe zikuonetsa kuti katundu wa m'nyumba ndi chakudya - kabichi masikono, chitumbuwa, belyashi; Action mayina - kumaliseche, akumenyetsa, anadzudzula; ena mfundo umboni - zinachitikira mmwamba, ukathyali, etc.

Pomaliza, chidwi lexical gululi Russian chinenero Mawu-ngongole, m'gulu mu ndondomeko musiyane chikhalidwe, malonda, nkhondo ndi ndale ndi mayiko ena. Mawu amenewa pang'onopang'ono anaphatikizana, ie, anali m'gulu la chinenero wamba komanso akunja kenako tanthauzo lake. Chinenero cha Chirasha, iwo atagonjetsa zochokera zinenero ofanana Asilavo, komanso sanali Asilavo. mawu ambiri akhala Anabwereka Greek mu nthawi ya mgwirizano wa mafuko Asilavo. mawu Scientific ndi terminology kwakukulukulu abwera kwa ife ku Latin. mawu chinenero Turkic (ambiri a Chitata) adalowa Chirasha chifukwa ubale chikhalidwe ndi kuukira zolusa oyambirira. Limodzi la magulu ambiri amapanga ngongole ku zinenero Western European chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, malamulo, nkhondo ndi ndale za boma la Russia, kuyambira nthawi ya Peter.

Chiyambi cha chinenero cha Chirasha ndi matabwa ake lexical ndi umakhudza chiyambi, mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa fuko, mtundu Russian ndi boma, chifukwa chinenero - ndi ovuta, "moyo", kukula "chamoyo" kuululira ndi kuganizira njira zakuya mu anthu.