Crimea mbali ya Russia. Kubwerera kwa Crimea kwa Russia

Anthu a Crimea chilumba mu March 2014, pafupifupi anagwirizana anakuvoterani mu referendum kubwera kwa Crimea kuti Russia. Mphezi zochita chinajambulidwa ndi State Duma la Russia ndi mutsogoleli wadziko zinachititsa kuti akatswiri ambiri kukhulupirira kuti wapadera ntchito opareshoni anawakonzera kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi zisudzo ndi kudziwa maudindo awo mwangwiro. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma Crimea monga gawo la Russia, ndipo tsopano pokonzekera zotsatira za chochitika kale lonse.

malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi chifuniro cha anthu a Crimea

Mu lamulo chi mayiko atathana mfundo ziwiri zotsutsana: umphumphu wa boma ndi ufulu wa mitundu kukhalanso. Pakuti "monogosudarstv" (ie, amene gawo ndi anthu amtundu umodzi okha), onse yosavuta kumva. Koma pamene izo zifika ku zigawo Mipikisano mitundu, malamulo zotsutsana. Ndipo imeneyi, monga mukudziwa, aliyense ali ndi ufulu kumasulira akale njira zawo. Choncho, pamene Crimea anakhala gawo la Russia, dera lonse anakwiya ndipo anayamba kulankhula za analanda dziko madera.

Asayansi Political amati "mbiri ya Crimea" amasiyana pang'ono kuchokera zochitika Kosovo mu 2008. NATO mayunitsi asilikali analowa Kosovo pofuna kupewa ku Serbia kuteteza referendum. ziletso aliyense zoyikidwa ndi a UN wokakamiza sanali asilikali. Pafupifupi Choncho anachita Russia, pamene Crimea yamalamulo watumiza pempho kwa State Duma la Chitaganya cha Russia. Kusiyana kokha kuti asalole kulowa chilichonse: a chimadalira la asilikali Russian amasungidwa mu Crimea kwa khumi kuposa wina.

Crimeans - mtundu kapena "kuitana kwa mtima"

Komabe, kuyankhula za kukhalanso a mitundu n'zosatheka: alipo mu chikhalidwe cha "mtundu Crimea." Malinga ndi kalembera anthu pafupifupi 60% mu Russian Crimea, 25% ndipo 10% Chiyukireniya Chitata. Kwenikweni, monga onse a Ukraine ndi kosatheka kuti izi kapena kuti gawo litadzala ndi Ukrainians fuko kapena mtundu Russian. Osati zokhazo, anthu eni ofanana kwambiri, kamodzi ndi kwa mibadwo yonse kuphatikizapo mbadwa.

Mwina olondola kunena kuti krymchanin - si Russian, Chiyukireniya kapena Chitata, ndipo munthu ndaleredwa mu zinthu zidzasintha koma zovuta. Chikhalidwe ndi nyengo ya pachilumbachi kuuzira anthu ndi mtendere, koma pa nthawi yomweyo nkhanza ndithu nyanja ndi zovuta Hrs malo mtima chifuniro ndi kulimba mtima, khama ndiponso kunyada.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Crimea kuti Russia otsutsana ndi maganizo komanso chifukwa, chikhalidwe mayiko, Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mbali ya boma monga mudzagwiritse palokha zachuma n'zotheka. Koma kulowa mu dziko zina - ayi. Choncho m'nthawi yake tinafika Abkhazia ndi Ossetia, Transnistria ndi Kosovo chomwecho. Crimeans kuonekeratu anasonyeza kuti agwirizane ku Russia.

History of Crimea

Chilumba anakhala Russia m'zaka XVIII, pamene boma ndi kuteteza ufulu wawo mu Nyanja Black ndipo m'kupita kwa chiwerengero cha nkhondo manowa ufulu wawo m'dera lino.

Mwa lamulo la Mfumukazi Catherine Wachiwiri Crimea mbali ya Russia anali ukugwira kwa ena "zisudzo": a Chitata ndi ufulu mofanana ndi mmene anthu ena (ufulu wa chipembedzo, chinenero, chikhalidwe, etc.). Komanso boma sanasinthe ndi chipangizo. Koma pambuyo chitetezo cha Sevastopol pa Crimea nkhondo, amene anapita mu mbiri monga chitetezo choyamba, okhala ndi zokometsera mumzinda anayamba mawonekedwe Russian wakutemwa.

Komabe, pamaso pa Black Sea zombo ndi kupewedwa kwambiri limati European, amene anatsogolera maufulu awo, kuti Balkan Peninsula ndi ku Asia. Mu Crimea Nkhondo ya 1853-56. Russia anagonjetsedwa ndi zaka 20 kuti achoke chilumba, yothetsera ya Black Sea zombo. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, utangoyamba mzinda wa Crimea mbali ya Russia anakhalabe. Sevastopol ndi midzi ina ankatengedwa gawo Russian pa Crimea khan.

Autonomous Republic of Crimea

Mu Soviet Union, chilumba amamuonera ndi udindo watsopano wa Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Russia ku chikhalidwe imperialist anali lidzasinthidwa chitaganya imene anthu a mtundu uliwonse anayesetsa kuitana yokha lipabliki. Koma si malo onse analandira udindo amenewa. Ambiri mitundu yaing'ono ndi mitundu mapeto kunapezeka kuti gawo la RSFSR lapansi.

Crimea mbali ya Russia koyambirira uja Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic. Crimea Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic mu RSFSR anaonekera mu February 1921. Pa nthawi imeneyo, popangidwa ndi zina Soviet Union, si mbali ya Russia.

Kumene, pambuyo zisinthe, anthu amakumana mantha kuposa wina: chosowa madzi, mbewu kulephera 1920s, limodzi ndi ubweya (mu Masiku ano imadziwika ndi Holodomor), kukana Crimea Chitata Bolshevik malingaliro, etc.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Crimea anthu anapirira ntchito. A chitetezo yachiwiri Sevastopol akadali zowawa choyamba, koma kuteteza chilumba analephera kachiwiri.

Kupita kwa Crimea Chitata

Kwa zaka 1942-1944 Crimea anali kulamulidwa ndi Anazi, amene pogwiritsa ntchito njira anakhazikitsa, kukhazikitsa wocheperapo Chilango detachments kwa anthu wamba, makamaka Chitata. Ntchito zokopa odana Soviet Anazi pomenyera "malcontents ndi anthu otsutsa" kuti ndikhale wa kudziteteza ndi polimbana partisans.

Ndi izi magulu adziteteze "anathandiza" chigamulo pa kuthamangitsidwa anthu wonse ku dera la Crimea chilumba. Russia waukulu, ndipo boma la Soviet anaganiza kusamuka kwa Tartars mu dziko. Mbiri ya makono limati ndi "chilango cha kuukira boma," koma pali Baibulo malinga ndi zimene Germany pa mthunzi m'magawo mukukhala anasiya maukonde lonse la wothandizira. Kusokoneza mapulani a Nazi, ndipo akusankha kutali Chitata ku Crimea, Finns, Zitsulo Germany ochokera m'madera malire, etc.

Pambuyo nkhondo tsoka la Crimea

Map of Crimea mbali ya Russia udasintha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World: ndi kudziyimira pawokha unatha (pali malo), ambiri a m'midzi anali anadzatchedwa, ndi anthu Ukrainians ndi Russian kudzadza pakati pa anthu a m'midzi anawonongedwa ndi kutenthedwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, ndi 1946 chaka chinayi panali pafupifupi 600 anthu zikwi mu Crimea. Nkhondo isanayambe, chithunzi ichi uli pafupi miliyoni 1.1. Kukamba za zikuchokera mitundu ya anthu simusowa. Ngati nkhondo isanayambe, Ukrainians ndi Russian nkhani pafupifupi 70% ya anthu a pachilumbachi, mu nthawi nkhondoyo, chithunzi ichi uli pafupi ndi 90%.

Republic of Crimea mbali ya Russia chinakhalapo mpaka 1954, chaka. Zinali ndiye imasonyeza chikumbutso 300th wa reunification wa Ukraine ndi Russia kudziyimira pawokha unasamutsidwira subordination utsogoleri wa SSR Chiyukireniya. Amene ndi kunena kuti Khrushchev anapereka Crimea.

Sevastopol - panyanja m'munsi

Koma Sevastopol mu 1948, chaka chimene analandira udindo wa mzinda chatsekedwa asilikali a subordination Republican. Ndipo mpaka mu 1961, ndipo unakhalabe choncho. Komabe, zinasintha chiphunzitso asilikali sankaona kufunika njira ya Black Sea zombo. City motseguka, ndi udindo wa m'munsi nkhondo ndi kuwombera wake. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Constitution kukonzedwa kwa SSR Chiyukireniya 1978 anabwerera ku Sevastopol "udindo wapadera": subordination ake Republican olembedwa nkhani osiyana.

Koma chinthu chofunika kwambiri si izo. Chofunika kwambiri anthu amene ali wophunzira ndiponso zinapatsira ndi mzimu wakutemwa Russian. Ndipotu, mzinda uno, anaonanso zokwera ndi zotsika kwa Black Sea zombo, chinali chimake cha oyendetsa Russian ndi sanasinthe ake "dziko" ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu mu Crimea chilumba. Monga mbali ya Russia 2014. Sevastopol malo osiyana wapatsidwa kachiwiri, mzinda wa kufunika feduro, nkhani ya la Russia.

Kukumba mu mapepala ndi kuphunzira bwino, olemba mbiri ena ndi asayansi ndale afika pozindikira kuti, yokhala, Sevastopol ndi sanabwere kuchokera pansi pa ulamuliro wa Russia. chakuti pa nthawi ya "kutengerapo" ndi Chiyukireniya mizinda ya Crimea administratively wamng'ono si Crimea Autonomous Republic, ndi Russian Federation (pamaziko a udindo wapadera wa m'munsi nkhondo).

Kutha kwa Soviet Union ndi kubwerera kwa Crimea kudziyimira pawokha

Mu 90s oyambirira, pamene pamsonkhano wa mu Belarus, anaganiza kuti ligwe wa USSR, funso wa Kupititsa ulamuliro wa pachilumbachi anaukitsidwa mobwerezabwereza. Kupambana lalikulu ndi kukachititsa referendum mu Crimea mu 1990, zomwe zinachititsa kudziyimira pawokha limzake. Patapita zaka ziwiri, Bungwe Lalikulu m'dera watengera malamulo ake ndi anadzatchedwa Crimea Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ku Republic of Crimea. Komabe, Chiyukireniya Council dzina la Supreme sanali ovomerezeka.

Nyumba ya malamulo Russian mobwerezabwereza kunayambitsa funso wa kumbali ya kulanda Crimea kwa Ukraine ndi kufunika kubweretsa izo mmbuyo la Russia. Komabe, mu 1990, mapangano anali atalembedwa pakalibe zodzinenera Kupititsa pakati pa maiko CIS.

Chiyukireniya ndale mu 2014

Yomwe inayamba mu 2013, zipolowe otchuka mu Ukraine akhala chifukwa kuyimitsidwa za utsogoleli wa Pulezidenti Yanukovych dziko la kusakanikirana European. Mtendere misa zionetsero wa anthu unakula ndi yogwira zochita aukali motsutsa ndale alipo.

zochitika zonse wotsatira zinachitika kwenikweni mphezi liwiro: pambuyo kuchotsa Council Supreme Pulezidenti Yanukovych wa Crimea Autonomous Republic ali losadziwika kusintha mphamvu Kiev, ovomereza-Russian Crimea mphamvu kunakulirakulira ndipo ndi thandizo la Russia anatha kukachititsa referendum pa kubwerera kwa chilumba cha la Russia.

referendum

Kunena mwachidule, mawu a funso yekha kuuzenga pokambirana onse, anali: "Kodi mukuona Crimea mbali ya Russia?"

mopupuluma ndipo mobwerezabwereza kulephereka tsiku refenduma ankatchedwa zochita yogwira latsopano akuluakulu Kiev. Poyamba inakonzedwa chiyambi cha May, referendum "Atabwerera ku Russia" unachitika pa March 16. Malinga ndi zotsatira zake, Bungwe la Crimea Supreme anatengera kusamvana pa ufulu wa unkalamuliridwa - Republic of Crimea.

The ndondomeko ya kujowina chilumba

Popeza ananena ufulu wodzilamulira, boma Crimea wapempha ku Russia ndi mwatsatanetsatane kuti Republic of Crimea ndi mzinda wa Sevastopol pa Ufulu wa Federation lapansi. chisankho Moscow a osati kale kubwera. Makamaka kulalikidwa kwa ulamuliro wa wosalira chimango mlandu inalowa mwa madera a la Russia. chakuti, malinga ndi Chilamulo Russian, boma tione maganizo a inalowa la Chitaganya cha Russia yekha pa mayunitsi palokha utsogoleri.

Kukamba za izo, ndi Pulezidenti wa Russia ndi State Duma ndi Bungwe la Russia Federation "popanda kuganizira" anatenga Crimea maganizo Sikuti. Republic of Crimea ndi mzinda wa Sevastopol: Patangotha masiku ochepa mwambo onse, ndi Russian Federation limodzi ndi zisudzo awiri akhala kuthetsedwa.

Inde, ndondomeko kusakanikirana ndi zovuta yaitali, makamaka pa nkhani ya "kovuta" malo m'mayiko ambiri. Koma maganizo ndi chilakolako cha anthu Crimea kutsegula zovuta zonse ndi mavuto abwera.