Kujombajomba Political: zimayambitsa, mitundu, mavuto zotsatira Zitsanzo

Akuti kujombajomba ndale anaonekera mu zoyambirira za XX atumwi. Asayansi American ayamba ntchito pofotokoza kusafuna nzika nawo moyo ndale za dziko, ndipo makamaka mu chisankho. Kuphunzira chodabwitsa kujombajomba ndale spawned ziphunzitso zambiri ndi malingaliro kufotokoza zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira zake.

maganizo

Malinga ndi sayansi ndale, ndale kujombajomba - ndi disengagement omwe adzaponye chisanko nawo voti iliyonse. Modern democracies ndi zinasonyeza bwino zodabwitsazi. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, limati ambiri, kumene masankho ali imachitika mu ndondomeko za visola sakhala nawo oposa theka wene ndi ufulu kuvota.

kujombajomba Political ali m'njira zambiri ndipo mithunzi. Munthu amene sakhala nawo chisankho, si olekanitsidwa asapita mphamvu kwathunthu. Mosasamala kanthu za udindo awo a ndale, iye ndi nzika ndi wokhoma. Non-nawo Zikatero amangonena za ntchito imene munthu angasonyeze ngati munthu yogwira, mwachitsanzo, kuona mtima kwawo kwa chipani kapena woyenera malo kazembe.

Features wa kujombajomba andale

Wa passivity masankho akhoza unalipo mu maiko kumene palibe kukakamiza kunja ntchito ndale. Iye analamulira ku magulu opondereza kumene, monga ulamuliro, nawo chisankho lotereli lofunika. Ku maiko, motsogozedwa ndi chakudya amatenga chipani chokha kusintha dongosolo visankho okha. kujombajomba ndale demokarase kumachitika pamene munthu akapanda udindo ndi ufulu amalandira. Kuwononga iwo, akhoza nawo chisankho.

kujombajomba Political kupotoza zotsatira za mavoti, chifukwa cha chisankho zimasonyeza malingaliro omwe adzaponye chisanko amene anabwera ku chigawo. Pakuti ambiri, passivity ndi mtundu wa kuukira. Ambiri wene amene amanyalanyaza masankho, zochita zawo zimasonyeza kukhumudwa ndi kachitidwe. Mu democracies onse, wamba maganizo pa mfundo yakuti chisankho - pa mpheto chida. Anthu sapita kwa iwo, chifukwa iwo akukhulupirira kuti, Mulimonsemo, mavoti awo adzakhala kuwerenga mu circumvention za chilamulo kapena ndondomeko Zotsatira zake zidzakhala molakwika mwanjira zina zochepa zoonekeratu. Tikawonetsetsa limati opondereza kumene semblance malo chisankho anachezeredwa ndi pafupifupi onse omwe adzaponye chisanko. chitsanzo chimenechi ndiyo chododometsa yekha pa koyamba.

Kujombajomba ndi monyanyira

Nthawi zina, zotsatira andale a kujombajomba zingadzetse kwambiri m'dzina la ndale. Ngakhale oponya masanko ndi makhalidwe otere ndi sapita kuvota, izi sizikutanthauza kuti iwo samasamala chimene chikuchitika mu dziko lawo. Kujombajomba nthawi - ndi mtundu zofewa kumusonyeza, zikutanthauza kuti Zionetsero izi zikhoza kuwasandutsa chinthu china. The kupatuka omwe adzaponye chisanko kwa dongosolo ndi nthaka yachonde kukula ndi zina wosakhutira.

Chifukwa cha chete nzika "chabe" kumverera zingaoneke kuti iwo sali kwambiri. Komabe, pamene izi amakhumudwa kufika poipa wa kukanidwa kwake kwa ulamuliro kupita pa masitepe yogwira kusintha zinthu mu boma. Atanena izi zimasonyeza bwinobwino, mmene anthu ambiri a m'dzikoli. Zosiyana kwa wina ndi zina kujombajomba ndale kugwirizanitsa anthu osiyana. Ambiri a iwo sanakane ndale monga chodabwitsa, koma chabe zotsutsana ndi dongosolo alipo.

Nkhanza za passivity nzika

The lonse ndi ngozi kujombajomba ndale zimadalira zinthu zambiri: m'chigawo cha kukhwima a dongosolo lino, maganizo dziko, miyambo ndi cha dziko makamaka. Ena theorists kufotokoza zodabwitsazi monga nawo yochepa visola. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi likutsutsa mfundo za demokalase. boma lililonse ngati dongosolo wovomerezeka ndi referendum ndi chisankho. Zida zimenezi zimathandiza kuti anthu kusamalira boma lawo.

Limited nawo masankho - ndi akunyalanyaza kumabungwe ena a anthu ku zandale. Chotero mfundo kungachititse kuti meritocracy, kapena oligarchy, pamene mwayi pa kayendetsedwe ka boma kulandira kokha "zabwino" ndipo "okondedwa". mavuto amenewo akukhala lotha kujombajomba ndale demokalase. Chisankho ngati njira yopezera ambiri zowerengera adzaleka ntchito.

Kujombajomba ku Russia

Mu zaka 90 kujombajomba ndale Russia unaonekera mu ulemerero wake onse. Anthu ambiri anakana kuchita nawo moyo pagulu. Iwo anakhumudwa ndi mawu okweza ndale ndi maalumali kanthu m'masitolo kuwoloka msewu ndi nyumba.

Mu sayansi zoweta unakhazikitsidwa mfundo zingapo ndi maganizo kujombajomba. Mu Russia, izi chodabwitsa - mtundu wa khalidwe umene kumaonekera kupewa kutenga nawo mbali pa chisankho ndi zochitika zina za ndale. Komanso, ndi chidwi ndi osayanjanitsika mtima. Kujombajomba angatchedwe chosalanga, koma si nthawi zonse malinga ndi kuyang'anitsitsa osayanjanitsika. Ngati tikambirana makhalidwe otere kumasonyeza chifuniro wene, akhoza ngakhale ndi dzina la zizindikilo za demokalase. chiweruzo Izi ndi zoona, ngati tinyalanyaza milandu kumene ngati nzika za ubwino wa boma, kusintha andale mosatengera kwa adzaponye chisanko "chabe".

umayenda

Zofunika kwambiri nkhani zandale za kujombajomba n'chakuti pa nkhani ya voti mbali yaing'ono ya anthu n'zosatheka kulankhula za voti kwenikweni otchuka. Mu democracies onse, ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe cha view, dongosolo la alendo loponya ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka anthu onse. Apa tikutengegeredwa ku tsankho la magulu lonse ndi kukana zofuna zawo.

Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha adzaponye chisanko nawo chisankho amapereka boma umayenda kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri aphungu, ofuna mutsogoleli wadziko, ndi zina zotero. D. Yesani kupeza thandizo zina mwa anthu chabe, amene ali undecided kusankha kwawo. Andale, amene amakwanitsa kupanga owatsatira awo nzika zoterezi, monga ulamuliro, ndi kupambana chisankho.

Zinthu zokhudza kujombajomba

nzika zambili mu masankho zingasiyane malingana ndi mtundu wa kusankha, makhalidwe dera, mlingo wa maphunziro, monga Pamudzi wina. Aliyense dziko lili yake chikhalidwe ndale - malamulo chikhalidwe zokhudza ndondomeko za visola.

Komanso, aliyense kampeni ali makhalidwe yake payekha. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti m'mayiko ndi dongosolo njila masankho, turnout oponya mavoti ndi apamwamba kuposa anthu kumene anakhazikitsa dongosolo ambiri-njila kapena zophweka ambiri.

khalidwe masankho

Chowasiyanitsa ku zandale zimadza akuluakulu kukhumudwa. Lamulo amphamvu akuwonekera pa maiko oyandikana. Number omwe adzaponye chisanko chabe kumawonjezera pamene ulamuliro oyang'anira tauni iliyonse adzizungulira ndale akupitiriza kunyalanyaza zofuna za nzika za dziko.

Akukana ndale akubwera pambuyo akuluakulu sanali mavuto amene amakhudza anthu mumzinda wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku moyo wamba. Poyerekeza msika chuma ndi wandale, asayansi ena apeza chitsanzo zotsatirazi. Khalidwe Electoral amakhala yogwira pamene munthu amazindikira kuti zochita zake adzalandira kangachepe. Ngati chuma tikulankhula za ndalama, adzaponye chisanko tikufuna kuona moyo kusintha kwanu chogwirika kwa bwino. Ngati Sapita, ndiye pali mphwayi ndi kusafuna kulankhula ndi malamulo.

Mbiri ya kuphunzira chodabwitsa ndi

Kumvetsa chodabwitsa, ndilo kujombajomba, linayamba XIX mochedwa - oyambirira XX atumwi. The maphunziro oyamba kunachitika mu Sukulu ya Chicago wa Political Sciences wasayansi Charles Edward Merriam ndi Gossnelom. Mu 1924, iwo anachita kafukufuku wa ku America wamba. Kuyesa kunachitidwa kuti kudziwa zolinga evaded adzaponye chisanko chisankho.

Mu kuphunzira tsogolo la mutu anapitiriza Paulo Lazarsfeld, Bernard Berelson ndi asayansi ena okhudzidwa. Mu 1954 Angus Campbell, m'buku lake "The oponya mavoti wasankha" kudziwa zotsatira za ntchito ya akalambula awo ndipo anamanga chiphunzitso chake. Akatswiri anazindikira kuti nawo kapena osakhala nawo chisankho anatsimikiza ndi zinthu zingapo, zimene zonse pamodzi kupanga dongosolo lake. Pofika kumapeto kwa XX m'ma pakhala malingaliro angapo polongosola mavuto andale a kujombajomba ndi zimayambitsa.

Chiphunzitso cha likulu chikhalidwe

Chiphunzitsochi anaonekera zikomo kwa buku lakuti "Madziko a Chiphunzitsochi Social," lolembedwa ndi James Coleman. Wolemba muika maganizo ndi "likulu chikhalidwe". Mawu akuti limafotokoza akonzedwa ubale losonkhanitsidwa anthu, amene amagwira ntchito pa mfundo za chuma msika. Choncho, woyambitsa ndi anawatcha iwo "likulu".

Poyamba izo zinalibe kanthu kochita ndi chiphunzitso cha Coleman amene anadzakhala "kujombajomba ndale". Zitsanzo za ntchito mfundo za sayansi anaonekera mu pepala olowa Neil Carlson, John ndi Wendy Bram chilonda. Liwu anamufotokozera lamulo mbali nzika chisankho.

Asayansi poyerekeza yokopa kusankha kwa andale ndi ntchito udindo kwa nzika wamba a dziko. Nzika za izi ndi yankho lanu mu mawonekedwe a maulendo kuti chisankho. Only mu mogwirizana kwa magulu awiriwa wabadwa demokarase. Chisankho - ndi "mwambo wa umodzi" makhalidwe a magulu ufulu ndi dongosolo lotseguka ndale. Kukukhulupirirani kwambiri pakati adzaponye chisanko mogwilizana, kotero voti zowonjezera waponya bokosi voti. Kubwera kwa chiwembu, munthu sikuti nawo wandale ndi chikhalidwe, komanso kuwonjezera dera yake chidwi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, nzika iliyonse zikuchulukirachulukira bwalo la abwenzi amene ali kutsutsana kapena kupeza kukondera. Zonsezi akufotokozera luso zofunika kuchita nawo chisankho.

chikoka anthu

Ndi kuwonjezeka mu gawo la okhudzidwa kukula, ndi likulu yake chikhalidwe mu visankho nzika ndondomeko. Chiphunzitsochi si kufotokoza zotsatira za kujombajomba ndale, koma zimasonyeza chikhalidwe ndi zidakwa. Chitsanzo chabwino kwa amanena ndi Italy, ungathe kugawidwa mu zigawo ziwiri. Mu kumpoto, anayamba horizontally Integrated ankagwirizana ndi anthu osiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu ofanana kalasi, ndalama, moyo, ndi zina zotero. D. Iwo savuta kucheza ndi mzake ndi kupeza mumafanana. Chitsanzo ichi kumawonjezera likulu chikhalidwe ndi umodzi ndi maganizo abwino kwa chisankho.

Koma n'zosiyana kum'mwera kwa Italy, kumene ambiri mumzinda wolemera ndi nzika osauka. Pakati pawo lagona kuphompho. Mgwirizano woterowo ofukula chikhalidwe si abwino mgwirizano pakati pa nzika okha. Anthu amene amapezeka mu strata wotsikitsitsa chikhalidwe, akusiya kukhulupirira ndale, alibe chidwi ntchito za chisankho. M'dera limeneli, ndi zambiri wamba kujombajomba ndale. Zifukwa zosiyana kumpoto ndi kumwera Italy ndi inhomogeneous mu dongosolo chikhalidwe.