Dongosolo lonse la Copernicus. Akamanena za dongosolo heliocentric a dziko. Ptolemaic

Ku Ulaya kumayambiriro Ages Middle kunalamulidwa ndi dongosolo la dziko, zochokera mawu a m'Baibulo. Patapita kanthawi, iye anali m'malo mwa dogmatized Aristotelianism ndi bungwe Ptolemy dongosolo geocentric 'm. Zochokera atsopano deta kuponya chikayiko pa kuzipenya zakuthambo pang'onopang'ono atasunga kalekale. Inasanduka zambiri akuoneka chisokonezo, Kuvuta ndi kupanda ungwiro kwa dongosolo Ptolemaic. anayesera njira zambiri zinapangidwa kuti ikhale yolondola, Koma iwo okha kusokoneza izo. M'nthawi ya 13, Alfonso X, mfumu ya Castile, ananena kuti ngati anali ndi mwayi kupereka Mulungu malangizo polenga dziko, ndiye ine ndingakulangizeni kuti iye mosavuta.

Heliocentric dongosolo la dziko adafotokoza kuti Copernicus. Zinali kusintha kwenikweni mu zakuthambo. Nditawerenga nkhani imeneyi, udzapeza kudziŵana ndi Copernicus ndi anathandiza sayansi. Koma choyamba tikambirana zimene ankapereka kwa iye Ptolemy.

Ptolemaic dongosolo la dziko ndi kuipa kwake

Kukhazikika kalambulabwalo wa dongosolo Copernican sikutheka kupeza maulosi molondola. Komanso, anadwala unsystematic, kusowa wokhulupirika, umodzi mkati. dongosolo lonse la Ptolemy (chithunzi cha limaoneka pamwamba) zikuphatikizapo kuphunzitsa wina dziko kwayekha, wosiyana ndi ena. Aliyense thupi lakumwamba, monga ankati ndi wasayansi, anali nayo malamulo yakeyake poyenda ndi dongosolo epicyclic. Kayendedwe ka mapulaneti mu dongosolo geocentric anafotokozedwa ndi chiwerengero cha palokha ndipo ofanana zitsanzo za masamu. chiphunzitso Geocentric, mosamalitsa kulankhula, sanali kukhala mu dongosolo, chifukwa dongosolo mapulaneti (kapena dongosolo mapulaneti) si chabe. Izo zinali yekha za kayendedwe munthu kuti matupi akumwamba.

Tikumbukenso kuti ndi chiphunzitso geocentric, zinali zosatheka kuwerengetsa yekha malo oyerekeza matupi zina zakuthambo. Koma kudziwa udindo wawo danga kapena mtunda woona sikunali kotheka. ntchito izi Ptolemy ndinaganiza palimodzi insoluble. M'dongosolo latsopano la dziko, heliocentric, anaonekera zikomo kwa unsembe pa kufufuza kugwirizana ndi umodzi mkati.

Kufunika kusintha kalendala

Tikumbukenso kuti chiphunzitso heliocentric ananyamuka mogwirizana ndi kufunika kusintha Julian kalendala. Mfundo zikuluzikulu ziwiri mmenemo (mwezi ndi March) anasiya kulankhulana ndi zilidi zinthu zakuthambo. Mu 4 m'ma BC. e. tsiku la March vernal pa kalendala unagwera pa March 21. Mu 325, Bungwe la Nicaea atathana nambala iyi. Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati yofunika kwambiri poyambira mu detili wa Isitara, chachikulu Mkhristu tchuthi. Pofika m'zaka za m'ma 16, tsiku la March vernal ali masiku 10 (March 21) lagged kumbuyo leni.

kalendala Julian kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 8 anayesetsa kusintha. Lateran tchalitchi ku Rome (1512-17 gg.), The kukula kwa vuto kalendala tinaonera. zingapo zakuthambo wotchuka anafunsidwa kuti kulikonza ilo. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Nikolay Kopernik. Komabe, iye anakana, chifukwa iye ankakhulupirira chiphunzitso cha zoyenda wa mwezi ndi dzuwa sikokwanira zolondola ndi zapamwamba. Koma iwo anali pa nthawi maziko a kalendala. Komabe, maganizo, amene adalandiridwa ndi Copernicus, anali kwa mmodzi wa zolinga za ntchito pa kusintha kwa chiphunzitsochi geocentric. Chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi, ndi dongosolo latsopano la dziko.

Ndikukayika choonadi cha chiphunzitso Copernican a Ptolemy

Kuti Nicholas amayembekezeka amodzi mwa kusintha kwambiri pa mbiri ya zakuthambo, kenako ulimi mu sayansi achilengedwe. Copernicus yodziwa dongosolo Ptolemy a m'zaka 15 mochedwa, anayamikira namatetule wake masamu. Koma posakhalitsa, wasayansi anayamba kukayikira za choonadi cha chiphunzitso chimenechi. Kukayika n'kuyamba kukhulupirira kuti pali mitsutso kwambiri geocentricism.

Copernicus - woimirira wa Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Nikolay Kopernik wasayansi woyamba kuyang'ana zinachitikira zaka chikwi mu chitukuko cha sayansi mwa maso a munthu wa nyengo yatsopano. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Kuti ikhale chenicheni choimirira cha iye, Copernicus anadzionetsa chikhulupiriro, molimba Albucasis. akalambula wake analimba mtima kusiya mfundo geocentric. Iwo ankachita kusintha kwa anthu kapena mbali ina yaing'ono ya chiphunzitso. Copernican dongosolo dziko presupposed yopuma ndi zaka zikwizikwi mwambo zakuthambo. Woganiza anali kuyang'ana mu chikhalidwe mogwirizana ndi kuphweka, chinsinsi kumvetsetsa umodzi wa zochitika zambiri kuti ngati anthuwo. dongosolo dziko Nikolaya Kopernika anali zotsatira za kusaka kwa Mlengi wake.

Ntchito yaikulu ya Copernicus

The mfundo ya zakuthambo heliocentric Copernicus anaika pakati pa 1505 ndi 1507 chaka "ndemanga Little". Ndi 1530 iye anamaliza processing ongolankhula deta zakuthambo analandira. Koma ndi 1543 kudali kuyatsa imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ganizo anthu - ". Pa Revolutions wa danga Akumwamba" ntchito pepala ichi akupereka chiphunzitso masamu kufotokoza zovuta zithunzi zoyenda wa Moon, Dzuwa, mapulaneti asanu, komanso dera nyenyezi. The alumikiza ntchito anaika m'ndandanda wa nyenyezi. The ntchito wokha sukhalira okonzeka ndi matebulo masamu.

Akamanena za dongosolo heliocentric a dziko

Copernicus aikidwa pakati pa dziko dzuwa. Iye ananena kuti mapulaneti muziyendayenda izo. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali padziko lapansi, kwa nthawi yoyamba kumatanthauza "kusuntha nyenyezi". Kuchuluka kwa nyenyezi ngati Copernicus chosiyanasiyana wosiyana dongosolo mapulaneti mtunda yaikulu. Kutsiliza woganiza za remoteness wa gawo lino ndi chifukwa mfundo heliocentric. Mfundo yakuti kokha motere Copernicus akhoza kuyanjanitsa chiphunzitso wake ndi kusowa mwina kusamuka kwa nyenyezi. Awa likusuntha kuti Padzakhala chifukwa lamulo kwa iwo akuona ndi dziko lapansi.

Molondola ndi kuphweka a dongosolo latsopano

Kachitidwe bungwe Nikolaem Kopernikom, molondola ndi wosavuta dongosolo Ptolemy a. Nthawi yomweyo analandira ntchito lonse othandiza. "Prussian tebulo" udakhala pa maziko a dongosolo lino, kutalika kwa chaka zotentha inaŵerengeredwa molondola kwambiri. kusintha nthawi yaitali kwa kalendala zinachitikadi mu 1582 - kalembedwe latsopano, Gregory.

Pasanathe Kuvuta kumvetsa chiphunzitso chatsopano, ndipo walandiranso nthawi choyamba molondola kwambiri za mawerengedwe a malo amene mapulaneti zochokera heliocentric matebulo siife ubwino waukulu dongosolo Copernican. Komanso, kuwerengetsa chiphunzitso chakuti zinali pang'ono mosavuta Ptolemy yekha. Poganizira kuti ulosi wa kuwerengetsera udindo mapulaneti, izo pafupifupi sasiyana kwa izo, ngati kunali koyenera kuwerengera kusintha aona nthawi yaitali.

Poyamba, "Prussian tebulo" anapereka angapo mwatsatanetsatane. Ichi chinali chifukwa Komabe, osati kukhazikitsa mfundo heliocentric. chakuti Copernicus ntchito chipangizo zambiri zida masamu chifukwa kuwerengetsera awo. Komabe, "Prussian tebulo" posachedwapa sanagwirizane ndi deta tinasonkhanitsa pa kuzipenya lapansi.

Chidwi chawo pa chiphunzitso Copernican akufuna pang'onopang'ono akugwetsa mwala mmenemo amene akuyembekezeka alandire msanga zotsatira zopindulitsa. Kuposa zaka, popeza zikamera a dongosolo Copernican ndi Galileo pamaso kutsegula magawo a Venus mu 1616, panalibe umboni mwachindunji kuti mapulaneti muziyendayenda dzuwa. Choncho, zotuluka pa dongosolo latsopano sichinayambe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kuzipenya. mphamvu woona ndi chikoka cha chiphunzitso Copernican, chimene chinapangitsa kusintha kwenikweni mu sayansi zachilengedwe ndi chiyani?

Copernicus ndi Aristotle ndi akatswiri

Monga amadziwika, latsopano limapezeka pa maziko a akale. Chikutanthauza Copernicus sanali zosiyana. Amene analenga dongosolo heliocentric a dziko, ankauza ambiri a chakudya cha ankaganizira Aristotelian. Mwachitsanzo, chilengedwe kuti iye ankaona danga chatsekedwa, zomwe okha ku dera linalake la nyenyezi lokhazikika. Ku chiphunzitso Aristotelian Copernicus Sanasiye, ndipo malinga ndi izo kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo nthawi zonse zozungulira ndi yunifolomu. Copernicus chikutanthauza anali ngakhale ndiwofatsa kuposa Ptolemy. equant Last anayambitsa mfundo ndi sanakanepo kuthekera kuli si yunifolomu zoyenda zinthu zakuthambo.

Mtengo waukulu Copernicus

Mtengo wa Copernicus kugona chakuti iye, mosiyana ndi akapolo anzawo akale, anayesa kuti akonze chiphunzitso mapulaneti, mosiyana zomveka mogwirizana ndi kuphweka. Scientist anapeza kuti palibe mwadongosolo, Mgwirizano chosavuta kumva ndiponso kupereŵera kwakukulu kwa dongosolo akufuna ya Ptolemy. Sunali logwirizana pachimake mfundo zomwe zikufotokoza malamulo osiyana za kayendedwe ka zinthu zakuthambo.

Copernicus akufuna tanthauzo chosintha cha mfundo ndi Nicholas anayambitsa dongosolo logwirizana la zoyenda ya mapulaneti onse, anafotokoza zambiri zotsatira, poyamba samveka wasayansi. Mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo za lamulo tsiku ndi pachaka lathuli Iye anafotokoza mbali yaikulu kayendedwe odabwitsa wa matupi akumwamba, ngati zingwe zopota, ataima, kayendedwe m'mbuyo. dongosolo Copernican walola kumvetsa chifukwa chake pali zoyenda diurnal za mlengalenga. Kuyambira tsopano, looping mapulaneti zoyenda analongosola chifukwa chakuti Lapansi chimazungulira Dzuwa ndi mkombero wa chaka chimodzi.

Kunyamuka ku mwambo ankaonetsetsa

Chiphunzitso cha Copernicus kuzindikiridwa zikamera wa njira zatsopano zokhudza chilengedwe, zochokera njira sayansi. Malinga ndi mwambo ankaonetsetsa, amene ankanena akalambula ake, kuphunzira ndicho chinthu, safuna kuphunzira mwatsatanetsatane mbali ake akunja. Scholastics ankakhulupirira kuti akamanena za maganizo kuona mwachindunji. Mosiyana, Copernicus anasonyeza kuti akhoza kumva pokhapokha mosamala wa chodabwitsa, ndi zotsutsana ake ndi malamulo. Heliocentric dongosolo Copernicus wakhala kutsogolera wamphamvu chitukuko cha sayansi.

Kodi mpingo kuti chiphunzitso chatsopano

Mpingo wa Katolika sanali poyamba kofunika kwambiri ziphunzitso akufuna ndi Copernicus. Koma pamene zinadziwika kuti Zimalepheretsa maziko a chipembedzo, anthu ake anayamba kuzunzidwa. Pakuti kufalitsa chiphunzitso Copernican mu 1600, anamuwotcha pamtengo Dzhordano Bruno, Chitaliyana nzeru za anthu. mtsutso Scientific pakati pa mbali ya Ptolemy ndi Copernicus inakhala yolimbirana pakati pa gulu reactionary ndi pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo pake analandira otsiriza.