Maselo kulemera: akamanena za mankhwala chizindikiro, njira ya mtima

Kulemera maselo ndi kulemera kwa ma atomu onse ali molekyulu ziwalo. chizindikiro imeneyi yafotokozedwera amu (Atomic misa mayunitsi).

Mankhwala nthawizina mtengo masamu mu makilogalamu. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, ndi kuchulukitsa ndi 1.66057 * 10 ^-27. nambala 1 amu misa Chofanana 1/12 ndi kulemera kwa atomu imodzi nuclide ¹² C. Nthawi zambiri ntchito ya kulemera wachibale maselo, ndilo maselo kulemera chiŵerengero cha kulemera kwa wagawo wina atomiki.

Dziwani kuti chithunzi izi zidzathandiza kuti mufotokozere unyinji wa molekyulu ndi isotopes onse amene amapanga ofanana mankhwala pawiri.

The macroscopic wagawo kuchuluka kwa mankhwala wotchedwa "mol" ndi aliyense nambala zonse particles - maatomu kapena mamolekyulu, ndi elekitironi kapena ion awiriawiri. ndalamazo ndi 6.022 * October ²³ (otchedwa Avogadro zonse). Kuti mupeze wachibale maselo kulemera, kulemera maselo ayenera kuchulukitsa ndi chiwerengero muchigawane mwa chotsatira cha Avogadro zonse ndi unyinji wa wagawo wina atomiki.

Monga anatsimikiza mtima kulemera maselo a thunthu?

Chophweka njira kudziwa chizindikiro ichi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo wapadera, chimene pawiri zofunika kulemera anagawa ndi nambala yake.

Ngati tikudziwa mankhwala opangidwa ndi pawiri amene maselo kulemera mosavuta anatsimikiza kudzera tebulo nthawi, chifukwa, mtengo uwu anasonyeza wachina chilichonse ndi lolingana nambala yake ordinal. Ndi zokwanira kupeza ndalama kulemera kwa maselo a zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za kugwirizana.

Malinga ndi malamulo Avogadro, mu yofanana mpweya munali nambalayi ndi tinthu tosaoneka ndi maso. Polingalira za dongosolo ngati Mendeleev-Clapeyron aone kuti pali anali linachokera. Maselo Unyinji wa mafuta zingadziŵike ntchito njira. Pakuti kuwerengetsera muyenera kudziwa kwambiri za zizindikiro - kulemera kwa chinthu, chilengedwe mpweya zonse, kutentha Kelvin, ndi kuthamanga mu Pascals ndi buku mu mamita ^3. Chifukwa ili chiwerengero cha zolakwa deta mu mawerengedwe a osachepera, koma tisaiwale kuti aone kuti pali Mendeleev-Clapeyron chomveka okha zinthu gaseous.

Kulemera maselo a kosakhazikika mankhwala zingadziŵike ndi spectrometry misa kapena mpweya koromatogarafe ntchito masikelo mpweya Martin. Mtengo avareji index izi zipangizo polymeric ndi digiri yapamwamba polymerization inaŵerengeredwa zochokera makhalidwe awo rheological ndi katundu njira zawo (mwachitsanzo, kukhuthala, kapena kuwala kubalalika luso).

Kudziwa kulemera maselo?

Mtengo n'zosangalatsa kumva za kuchuluka ichi ntchito kuzindikira mankhwala osiyanasiyana mankhwala ndikupeza nucleotides munthu mu chikhazikitso mayeso. Kuwonjezera chizindikiro mankhwala nthaŵi zambiri kumadalira kufufuza ndi kaphatikizidwe wa mankhwala macromolecular, ndicho katundu zimadalira chizindikiro ichi.