Etiology - ndi ... tizilombo. The etiology matendawa

Mabwalo mankhwala kufufuza nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, timagwiritsa chithunzi matenda, ndi chiwonetsero cha matenda. Ndime zina of Medicine anafufuza zotsatira kapena zochita anthu kapena zinthu. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri mu matenda ndi kusankha mankhwala m'tsogolo ndi kuwaganizira zinthu kudwala. Etiology - ili ndi dera izo ziri ndi investigates zifukwa. Kenako m'nkhani tione mosamalitsa mawu.

mwachidule

Etiology - izo zimayambitsa matenda amene yatsoka amafuna kaphatikizidwe waukulu chikoka Chinthu ndi akaphatikiza oyenera chiwonetsero cha n'loonadi zikhalidwe zake mkati ndi kunja chilengedwe. Monga precipitating zinthu zina zikhoza kupanga ziphe, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kukhudzana, kuvulala, ndipo ambiri mankhwala ena, kwachilengedwenso zotsatira thupi. matenda angayambe zinthu hypothermia, kutopa, kuvutika kudya, zosayenera chikhalidwe komanso malo chilengedwe. Umagwira ntchito yofunika komanso makhalidwe a chamoyo. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka, monga kugonana, zaka, genotype, ndi ena.

zinthu

Lingaliro la etiology wa si zifukwa zenizeni. Makamaka kwa matenda, kuwonjezera pa zochitika n'zothandiza amafuna zinazake yabwino kwa iye. Mwachitsanzo, Streptococcus, alipo M'mimbamo m'kamwa ngati saprophyte ndi chifukwa zotsatira yaitali otsika kutentha chifukwa angina. Izi ndi chifukwa chifooke zimagwirira thupi. Ndipo amakhala typhoid ndi diphtheria popanda kuchititsa zinthu (kutopa, njala) Kodi si kuonekera. Nthawi zambiri pali zochitika pamene chimodzi ndi chinthu chomwecho kuchita zinthu zina, etiologic, ndi ena - zimayambitsa. Chitsanzo ndi hypothermia. Icho chiri, pa dzanja limodzi, amachititsa frostbite, ndi pa zina - amapereka zinthu mulingo woyenera zikamera matenda ambiri opatsirana catarrhal chikhalidwe.

gulu la pathologies

Mu zina, etiology matendawa akhoza okha zimenezi. Nthawi zina, kufufuza angasonyeze zifukwa zingapo precipitating. Mbali yoyamba, nthendayo imatchedwa rekodi, pamene lachiwiri - polyetiology. Yoyamba zikuphatikizapo Mwachitsanzo, fuluwenza, zilonda zapakhosi. Koma matenda a mtima aumbike chifukwa cha chindoko, la misempha komanso zinthu zina zambiri. The etiology matenda kudziwa kulunjika ake ndi mankhwala pathogenetic. Mwachitsanzo, kwa mlingo wa mwamphamvu ndi ulosi wa staphylococcal ndi tizilombo ta matenda kalabankulo asemphana kwambiri. Komanso, ena limatchula ndi osiyana mitundu ya matenda oopsa, sipangakhalenso chifukwa cha zinthu zonse neurogenic ndi aimpso. Chifukwa cha kutsekeka m'matumbo ndi psinjika kunja kwa matumbo kapena blockage a m'midzi yake.

ZOCHITA

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa munthu nthawi (zoopsa, amayaka) ndi yaitali (njala, matenda) zotsatira za n'zothandiza chodabwitsa. zinthuzo mulinso etiology. Amenewa zingachititse kuti chitukuko cha siteji pachimake kapena aakulu a matenda. Chifukwa cha zinthu - yaitali kapena yochepa - mu thupi la munthu amalephera mu machitidwe osiyana. Izi ndizimene chifukwa cha matenda, umene uli makamaka chifukwa cha kuyan'anila izi.

Kuchiza ndi kupewa

Etiology - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa determinants yaikulu njira winawake wa mankhwala. Dziwani zimene zimayambitsa ndi zikhalidwe za chitukuko cha kudwala, mukhoza kusankha njira zimene kuthetsa akapsa. Only mu nkhani iyi, makamaka kukwaniritsa positive. Umagwira ntchito kwambiri, ndi kupewa. Matendawa akhoza kupewedwa pa nkhani ya kuwonongedwa yake za zomwe tizilombo ndiponso zinthu zimene amawacititsa. Mwachitsanzo, oyambitsa chonyamulira kudziwika imagwiridwa, kutaya udzudzu m'munda angathe malungo, kupewa choipa. Komabe, Sizotheka kudziwa zimayambitsa ndi zikhalidwe za chitukuko cha kudwala. Pankhaniyi tilankhula za etiology osadziwika. Zikatero, monga ulamuliro, wodwalayo amapita kuyang'aniridwa ndi dokotala. Pamodzi ndi uwu matenda masiyanidwe, kuwunika chikhalidwe chake. Nthawi zambiri madokotala mankhwalawa Zikatero, kusankha "mwachimbulimbuli".

The etiology a shuga

Pakali pano, pali umboni wosatsutsika kuti chifukwa chachikulu matenda a shuga ndi chinthu chibadwa. matenda ali malingaliro polygenic. maziko ake anaikidwa pa uwiri jini ZOOPSA mu ashuga B-khromozomu, amene kugwirizana ndi HLA-dongosolo. Otsiriza, nayenso, ndiyo ayankhe enieni lake ndi zotsatira zake pa antigens selo. Potengera chiphunzitso cha polygenic cholowa shuga, matenda a jini ZOOPSA awiri kapena awiri a gulu inheritable recessive. Kwa ena, pali kutengera za kugonjetsedwa kwa dongosolo autoimmune, kapena kuchuluka tilinazo maselo ena kuti chitetezo tizilombo, polowetsedwa chitetezo chokwanira kuthana mavairasi. Chibadwa HLA-dongosolo ndi zolembera za kutengera za lapansi.

Mu 1987, D. oterewa anasonyeza kuti mmodzi mwa majini amene ali atengeke matenda ili pa B-khromozomu. Choncho pali kugwirizana pakati shuga ndi zina leukocytes chitetezo anthu. Iwo ndiyotengera mwa chibadwa cha akuluakulu histocompatibility zovuta. Nawonso, ili khromozomu izi.

Gulu la chibadwa cha akuluakulu histocompatibility zovuta

Pali mitundu itatu. Chibadwa zingasiyane malingana ndi mtundu wa mapuloteni ndiyotengera ndi kutenga nawo mbali mu chitukuko cha njira m'thupi. Mu kalasi lina lili loci A, B, C. Iwo amatha kabisidwe antigens amene ali pa maselo onse okhala pakati. zinthu izi kuchita ntchito ya chitetezo matenda (makamaka tizilombo). Chibadwa a kalasi 2, atagona D-dera lili loci DP, DQ, DR. Iwo encode antigens kuti lofotokozeredwa nzeru maselo immunocompetent. Zikuphatikizapo monocytes, maselo T, ndi ena. Ndi zigawo kalasi 3 majini ndiyotengera womuyenerera, chotupa necrosis Chinthu ndi onyamula amene akulumikizana ndi processing oteteza.

Posachedwapa, pali maganizo oti cholowa ndi shuga insulin amadalira kugwirizana osati zinthu HLA-dongosolo, komanso losokonekera kabisidwe kaphatikizidwe wa insulin, immunoglobulin katundu unyolo kugwirizana T-selo cholandilira ndi ena. Anthu ndi kutengera za titadziwa kuti IDDM, pali kusintha maganizo zachilengedwe. chitetezo chokwanira wofooka awo mavairasi oyambitsa maselo cytotoxic akhoza kukumana ndi kuwonongeka mchikakamizo cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mbali mankhwala.

zifukwa zina

Mu IDDM angakhale etiology tizilombo. Nthawi zambiri, zikamera wa kudwala zimathandiza kuti chikuku (tizilomboto afika ku Zilumba za kapamba, ndiye kusungidwa ndi chitidwe mwa iwo), mumps (zambiri anawona ana pambuyo matenda mliri, zaka 1-2), matenda a chiwindi B HIV ndi Coxsackievirus B (chitidwe mu insular zida) matenda mononukleoznaya, fuluwenza ndi ena. chakuti chinthu ankaona chokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha matenda a shuga, zikutsimikiziridwa ndi seasonality matenda. IDDM nthawi anapezeka ana m'dzinja ndi yozizira, kufika pachimake October ndi January. Komanso odwala magazi angazindikire titers mkulu wa chitetezo kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Anthu amene anafa a shuga chifukwa cha njira immunofluorescent kafukufuku mu Zilumba za Langerhans anati particles tizilombo.

Mfundo zikugwira ntchito ya tizilomboto pa

Phunziro experimental wochitidwa ndi M. Balabolkin kutsimikizira nkhani ya matenda chitukuko cha matenda. Malinga ndi kuyang'anila wake, anthu ali ndi kachilombo, ali ndi chizolowezi shuga, kuchita motere:

- taonera choipa selo pachimake (mwachitsanzo Coxsackie B HIV);

- pali khama (yaitali kupulumuka) HIV (chikuku) kupanga njira autoimmune mu islet minofu.

The etiology matenda enaake

Malinga vutoli, kudwala ili m'magulu atatu. Zikuphatikizapo, makamaka:

1. Ndi zinthu zenizeni etiological.
2. Ndi zinthu maganizo n'zothandiza.
3. Wa etiology osadziwika.

Kuphunzira zimayambitsa kuwononga

Kuzindikira zinthu kuchititsa matenda enaake, kuchititsa matenda, AIDS ndi zasayansi maphunziro. Pa nthawi yomweyo kukhazikitsa kugwirizana ndi ntchito mopitirira muyezo mowa. Kwa nthawi yaitali tinkakhulupirira kuti matenda enaake amapezeka mu zikhalidwe za kuperewera kwa zakudya ndi mowa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, kudwala uyu ankatchedwa alimentary kapena zakudya. Mu 1961, Beckett walenga ntchito imene iye anafotokoza mowa chiwindi pachimake siteji. Pa nthawi yomweyo adafotokoza kuti matenda kumaonjezera ngozi ya matenda enaake kugwirizana ndi madyedwe mowa. Kenako anakhazikitsa zotsatira za Mowa ndi kukhala chiwindi poizoni, zimene zingatichititse mu hematopoietic limba minofu kuwonongeka. Zimenezi zikugwira makamaka ankakhulupirira posamutsa matendawa.

Woopsawo mlingo Mowa

Matenda enaake, amene chifukwa cha mowa, optionally ndi magawo kukhala pachimake kapena aakulu chiwindi. Matenda akhoza kusandulika njira ina. Okwana pali masiteji zazikulu zitatu:

- mafuta alibe thupi;

- Fibrosis ndi mesenchymal anachita;

- matenda enaake.

Chiopsezo yatsoka matendawa chifukwa cha zaka 15 za ntchito kwambiri mowa ndi wamkulu kuposa nthawi 8 amene kukuchitika zaka zisanu kuvomera mowa. Pekvigno kudziwa zowopseza Mowa Mlingo wa chitukuko cha matenda enaake chiwindi. Ndi 80 ga patsiku (200 ga vodika). A woopsa tsiku mlingo ndi ntchito 160 ga mowa ndi zina zambiri. M'tsogolo, "Pekvigno chilinganizo" penapake anasintha. Mu akazi, mowa tilinazo kuposa kawiri kuposa amuna. Ena mwa tsirrozogenny kugonana mphamvu kunja zochepa 40 ga Mowa patsiku, pamene ena matenda akufotokozera, ndipo pamene mukumwa 60 ml ya mowa. Akazi mokwanira ndi 20 ml ya mowa patsiku. Mu chitukuko cha mowa matenda a chiwindi amasewera lalikulu udindo pokha lipopolysaccharide chiyambi matumbo - endotoxin.

zinthu zina

Matenda enaake bwino zimayamba ndi matenda kagayidwe kachakudya chibadwa zotsimikizika. Onse ana ndi akulu anapeza Kugwirizana pakati pa chitukuko cha kudwala ndi akusowa A1-antitrypsin. A1-antitrypsin ndi glycoprotein amene apanga mu hepatocyte ndi woletsa wa proteinases serine kukhudzana yomweyo (elastase, trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin). Against maziko kulephera amapezeka cholestasis mu 5-30% ya ana ndi 10-15% ya matenda enaake chiwindi amapezeka ndili wamng'ono kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale milandu amuzolengedwa chikhalidwe cha kuyan'anila za amakhala yabwino madokotala ananena zawo. Mu ukalamba komanso kumachititsa kukhala ndi matenda enaake chiwindi khansa. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka kwa anthu ndiko kumayambitsa. Machitidwe a chiwindi akhozanso wosweka pamene ingested mankhwala kukonzekera mankhwala. Chifukwa ndi lakuthwa sitepe chiwonongeko cha limba ndi chiwindi aakulu. Nthawi zina, chiwindi matenda enaake akufotokozera. Mwachitsanzo, mpweya tetrachloride zingachititse pachimake ndipo nthawizina aakulu chiwindi mitundu poizoni. kudwala izi zikhoza, zina limodzi ndi necrosis chachikulu ndi matenda enaake.