Finno-Ugric anthu: mbiri ndi chikhalidwe. Anthu a Finno-Ugric ethno-zinenero gulu

zinenero Finno-Ugric akukhudzana Chifinishi zamakono Chihangare. Anthu amene amalankhula iwo, amapanga Finno-Ugric ethnolinguistic gulu. anachokera, m'dera resettlement, kufanana ndi kusiyana mawu kunja, chikhalidwe, chipembedzo ndi miyambo - nzika za kafukufuku lonse m'minda ya mbiri, Anthropology, madera, zilankhulo, ndi chiwerengero cha maphunziro ena a sayansi. Mwachidule kuunikila nkhani imeneyi yesani ichi Review.

Anthu m'gulu Chifinishi-Ugric gulu ethnolinguistic

Kuchokera pa mlingo wa moyandikana m'zinenero ofufuza anali ndi Finno-Ugric anthu mu subgroups asanu.

Maziko a loyamba la Baltic ndi Chifinishi, ndi Finns ndi Estonians - anthu, limati zawo. Iwo amakhala bwino mu Russia. Seti - kagulu ka Estonians - atabwerera ku dera Pskov. Ochuluka kuposa ya Baltic ndi anthu Chifinishi a Russia - Karelia. Kunyumba ntchito m'zilembo atatu zamakolo, pamene chinenero mabuku amaona kuti Chifinishi. Komanso, kwa subgroup yomweyo Vepsians ndi Izhors - mitundu ang'ono amene anasunga zilankhulo zawo ndi Vod (yosakwana zana anthu kuiwala chilankhulo chawo) ndi Livs.

Chachiwiri - Sami (kapena Lapps) subgroup. Zambiri za anthu amene anamutcha dzina, anakakhala ku Scandinavia. The Russian Saami moyo pa Kola Peninsula. Ofufuza amasonyeza kuti kalelo anthu awa wotanganidwa gawo lalikulu, koma kenako lotengeka ku kumpoto. Ndiye kunali m'malo m'chinenero chawo, m'modzi wa m'zilembo Finland.

Wachitatu subgroup chigawo chimodzi cha Finno-Ugric anthu - Volga-Chifinishi - Mari ndi zikuphatikizapo Mordvinians. Mari - zambiri za anthu a Republic of Mari El, iwo amakhalanso Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia ndipo ngakhale ambiri m'madera Russian. Apeze chinenero awiri mabuku (zimene Komabe, ofufuza onse amavomereza). Mordvinians - zamakolo anthu mabwalo a Mordovia; nthawi yomweyo mbali yaikulu ya Mordvins atakhazikika mu Russia. Monga mbali ya mtundu uwu - magulu awiri mtundu uliwonse uli ndi mabuku chinenero ake olembedwa.

The subgroup chachinayi amatchedwa Permian. Pamafunikanso Komi, Komi-Perm, ndi Udmurt. Pamaso October 1917 mlingo wa kulemba (ngakhale, mu Russian) Komi akuyandikira anthu ambiri ophunzira a Russia - Ayuda Russian ndi Germany. Pankhani ya Udmurt, m'chinenero chawo wakhala makamaka m'midzi ya Republic Udmurt. Kukhala m'mizinda yomweyo, amakonda kuiwala ndi chinenero zamakolo, ndi miyambo.

Ndi wachisanu, Ugric, subgroup zikuphatikizapo Hungarians, Khanty ndi Mansi. Ngakhale malire m'munsi mwa ob ndi Severnyy Ural umatilekanitsa boma Chihangare pa Danube zambiri makilomita, anthu amenewa ndi achibale apafupi. Khanty ndi Mansi ang'ono Anthu a North.

Zinatha mafuko Finno-Ugric

Ndi Finno-Ugric anthu ndi mayiko nkhawa, buku limene tsopano asungidwa mu Mbiri. Choncho, Meria anthu anakhala pakati pa Volga ndi Oka choyamba Zakachikwi AD - pali chiphunzitso chimene ina ophatikizidwa ndi Asilavo kum'mawa.

Chinthu chomwecho chinachitika ndi Moore. Izi - ngakhale anthu akale a Finno-Ugric ethno-zinenero gulu, kamodzi kumene kuli Oka dziwe.

Iwo kalekale zinatha mafuko Chifinishi okhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Onega ndi kumpoto Dvina ofufuza otchedwa Chud (malinga ndi kungoganizira, iwo anali makolo a Estonians amakono).

A chinenero ndi chikhalidwe

Kulengeza zinenero Finno-Ugric monga gulu, ofufuza ananenetsa kuti dera chinthu chachikulu chimene chimagwirizanitsa anthu amene amalankhula iwo. Komabe mafuko Ural, ngakhale kufanana mu dongosolo la zilankhulo zawo, komabe pomvetsetsana nthawi zonse. Choncho, Finn, ndithudi, wokhoza kufotokoza kwa Estonia, erzyanin - ndi mokshaninom ndi Udmurtia - Komi. Komabe, gulu la anthu mwachirengedwe kutali Chrixitu, achipange kwambiri khama kuzindikira mu zinenelo zao zinthu wamba amene akanawathandiza kukambirana.

Zinenero zimakhalira pachibale wa Finno-Ugric anthu unkagwiritsidwa makamaka kufanana kwa nyumba chinenero. Izi kwambiri zimakhudza mapangidwe maganizo ndi dziko view ya anthu. Ngakhale zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza kumvetsa mwagwirizana pakati pa mafuko.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mtundu wa kuwerenga maganizo, chifukwa zinakhala bwanji mu zilankhulo izi kumalimbitsa chikhalidwe chilengedwe masomphenya awo wapadera wa dziko. Choncho, mosiyana ndi m'mayiko a ku Ulaya, Finno-Ugric anthu kuchita ndi kulemekeza chikhalidwe chapadera. Finno-Ugric chikhalidwe zambiri kunathandiza kuti chilakolako cha anthu awa kusintha mwamtendere anansi - iwo zambiri ankakonda asamakangane, koma ku ulendo wawo pamene asayambe umunthu wawo.

Komanso khalidwe la anthu a gulu - pa omasukirana kupatsana mitundu ndi chikhalidwe. Ndi kufunafuna njira kulimbikitsa ubwenzi ndi anthu ofanana iwo kukhala ojambula chikhalidwe amene anazungulira iwo onse. Kwenikweni, Finno-Ugric anthu anatha kusunga chinenero chawo, ndi zofunika chikhalidwe. Kulankhulana ndi miyambo yosiyanasiyana m'dera limeneli agona mu dziko nyimbo, kuvina nyimbo, chakudya makolo zovala zawo. Komanso, ife anapulumuka mbali zambiri za miyambo yakale: ukwati, maliro, chikumbutso.

A History Mwachidule wa Finno-Ugric anthu

Chiyambi ndi mbiri yoyambirira ya Finno-Ugric anthu lero akhala nkhani ya mtsutso wa sayansi. Pakati ofufuza kwambiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kale panali gulu limodzi lokha la anthu, kulankhula chomwecho Finno-Ugric proto chinenero. Makolo a Finno-Ugric anthu lisanathe lachitatu Zakachikwi BC. e. anakhalabe wachibale umodzi. Iwo anakakhala Urals ndi Urals Western dera, ndipo mwinanso m'madera ena ozungulira.

M'nyengo kuti, wotchedwa Finno-Ugric ndi mabanja awo pokhudzana ndi m'mayiko a Iranians, kumene munthu amasonyeza mwa nthano ndi zinenero. Pakati wachitatu ndi wachiwiri zaka BC. e. anapatukana ndi Chifinishi ugric Perm-nthambi. Pakati pa anthu otsiriza, n'kukakhala ku mbali ya kumadzulo, pang'onopang'ono anaima ndi anamukwiyira olekanitsidwa palokha subgroup kwa malirimewa (a Baltic-Chifinishi, Chifinishi-Volga, Perm). Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa anthu zakwawoko ya Far North pa limodzi la Finno-Ugric Sami adverbs anapanga.

Ugric gulu la zilankhulo anagawa pakati pa ine Zakachikwi BC. e. Gulu la Baltic-Chifinishi chinachitika pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino. Perm inatenga pang'ono - mpaka m'ma chitatu. A mbali yaikulu pa chitukuko osiyana zinenero izi achita ojambula a Finno-Ugric mafuko, ndi Baltic, aku Iran, Asilavo, Turkic, anthu Germany.

Dera la kukagawira

Finno-Ugric anthu mu masiku athu ambiri amakhala North-Western Europe. Mwachirengedwe, iwo anakakhala pa gawo lalikulu ku Scandinavia ku Urals, dera Volga-Kama, m'munsi ndi pakati Tobol. Hungarians - okha anthu a Finno-Ugric ethno-zinenero gulu, amene anapanga boma zawo popanda mafuko ena abale - m'dera Carpathian-Danube.

Nambala ya Finno-Ugric anthu

Chiwerengero cha anthu olankhula zinenero Uralic (izi zikuphatikizapo Finno-Ugric ndi Samoyed), ndi miliyoni 23-24. Ochuluka kuposa ndi oimira Hungarians. Iwo ndi anthu oposa 15 miliyoni m'dzikoli. Iwo kenako Finns ndi Estonians (5 miliyoni 1, motero). ena ambiri magulu Finno-Ugric mitundu tikukhala mu Russia.

Finno-Ugric mafuko pa dera la Russia

Alendowa Russian akhamukira paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi ku dziko la Finno-Ugric anthu mu zaka XVI-XVIII. Nthawi zambiri, ndondomeko kuwakhazika m'madera zimenezi zinachitika mwamtendere, koma ena anthu ameneŵa (mwachitsanzo, Mari) yaitali ndipo analimbana koopsa ndi inalowa wa m'mphepete boma la Russia.

chipembedzo cha chikhristu, kulemba, chikhalidwe m'tauni, adscititious Russian, kenako anayamba m'malo zikhulupiriro m'dera ndi adverbs. Anthu anasamukira ku mzinda, anasamukira ku Siberia ndi Altai dziko - kumene chinenero chachikulu ndi wamba anali Russian. Komabe, iye (makamaka chilankhulo chake kumpoto) ali odzipereka kwambiri kwa mawu Finno-Ugric - makamaka kotero m'munda wa mayina malo ndi maina a zochitika zachilengedwe.

Places wa Finno-Ugric anthu a Russia wothira Turkey asanduke Islam. Komabe, zambiri za izo apobe anali anaphatikizana Russian. Choncho, mitundu imeneyi konse, anthu ambiri - ngakhale mu mayiko amene chakunyamula dzina lawo.

Komabe, malinga ndi kalembera wa mu 2002, Russia pali lalikulu kwambiri kuchuluka kwa gulu Finno-Ugric. Iwo Mordvinians (anthu 843 zikwi), Udmurts (pafupifupi 637,000), Mari (604 000), Komi anthu (293,000), ndi Komi-Permian (125 zikwi), Karels (93,000). chiwerengero cha anthu ena alibe upambana anthu zikwi makumi atatu: ndi Khanty, Mansi, Veps. Izhors chifukwa cha anthu 327, ndi ana a Vod - anthu 73 okha. Iwo amakhala mu Russia ndi Hungarians, Finns, Estonians, Saami.

Development wa Finno-Ugric chikhalidwe Russia

Sikisitini wa Finno-Ugric anthu okhala mu Russia. Asanu a iwo ali zawo mtundu boma mapangidwe, koma awiri - national ndi malo. Enawo Kukwatiwa omwazika kudutsa dziko.

Mu Russia amaganiziranso zinthu zimenezi kuteteza miyambo chikhalidwe adzadziwire anthu a mafuko. Pa mlingo dziko ndi makonsolo, mapulogalamu amakonzedwa ndi thandizo limene kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha Finno-Ugric anthu, chikhalidwe ndi zinenero zina zambiri.

Choncho, Sami, Khanty, Mansi amaphunzitsidwa kusukulu ya pulayimale, ndi Komi, Mari, Udmurt, zinenero Mordovian - mu sukulu zasekondale kumadera amenewo, kumene kuli gulu lalikulu la magulu ziwalo yosiyanasiyana. Pali malamulo wapadera chikhalidwe, chinenero (Mari-El, Komi). Choncho, mu Republic of Karelia, lamulo pa maphunziro, amakhazikitsa lamanja la Veps ndi Karelian anaphunzitsa m'chinenero chawo. Patsogolo chitukuko cha miyambo yachikhalidwe anthu a Act ndi kuthandauza za chikhalidwe.

Komanso, mu Republic of Mari El, Udmurtia, Komi, Mordovia, mu Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area ali mfundo yake ndi mapulogalamu chitukuko cha dziko. Kukhazikika ndi ukugwira Fund Development zikhalidwe za Finno-Ugric anthu (pa dera la Republic of Mari El).

Finno-Ugric anthu: maonekedwe

Makolo a Finno-Ugric anthu zachitika chifukwa cha kuyanjana paleoevropeyskih ndi Paleo-muthu mafuko. Choncho, kunja kwa anthu onse a gulu ili pali zinthu onse European ndi Mongoloid. Akatswiri ena ngakhale patsogolo chiphunzitso cha kukhalapo kwa mafuko osiyana - ndi Urals, ndi "wapakatikati" pakati pa Ulaya ndi Asia koma Baibulo uyu ali kumbali ochepa.

The Finno-Ugric anthu ndi sakanikira mawu anthropological. Komabe, khalidwe "Ural" M'magazini njira imodzi kapena wina aliyense wa Finno-Ugric anthu. Ndi, monga ulamuliro, kutalika sing'anga, kuwala kwambiri tsitsi, "snub" mphuno, yotakata nkhope, m'malo woonda ndevu. Koma makhalidwe amenewa ali m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Choncho, Mordvins-Erzya - wamtali, ogwirizira a tsitsi lagolide ndi maso a buluu. Mordvins-Moksha - M'malo mwake, wamfupi, mkulu-cheeked, ndi tsitsi mdima. The Udmurts ndi Mari zachilendo khalidwe la "Mongol," diso ndi khola wapadera pa ngodya lamkati la diso - epicanthus nkhope waukulu kwambiri, ndevu madzi. Koma pamene tsitsi lawo ndi zambiri lagolide ndi wofiira, ndi maso ake - buluu kapena imvi, amene Ndi mmene kwa Ulaya, koma osati Mongoloids. "Mongolian khola 'anapezeka ku Izhora, mavoti, Karel ndipo ngakhale Estonians. Komi amaoneka mosiyana. Kodi pali wosanganiza maukwati ndi Nenets, oimira izi braces mtundu ndi atsitsi lakuda. Other Komi, Komano, kuonekera kwambiri ngati Scandinavians, koma yotakata yachisoni.

Finno-Ugric miyambo zakudya mu Russia

Ambiri mwa mbale wa zakudya mwambo wa Finno-Ugric anthu a Urals ndi Trans-Urals zoona, sichinayambe anasunga kapena zakhala mwakuthupi misstated. Komabe, ethnographers amalowerera mme- ena dongosolo ambiri.

Nsomba anali waukulu mankhwala a Finno-Ugric anthu mphamvu. Si m'zipatala m'njira zosiyanasiyana (kukazinga, vyalili, zinachitika, Brew zouma, kudyedwa yaiwisi), komanso kukonzekera mtundu uliwonse mu njira yake, zomwe zingakhale bwino zoperekedwa kukoma.

Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa mfuti njira zikuluzikulu za kusaka mu nkhalango anali msampha. Tidamlanga makamaka nkhalango mbalame (grouse, grouse) ndi nyama zina zing'onozing'ono, makamaka kalulu. Nyama ndi nkhuku stewed, yophika ndi kuphika, makamakanso - yokazinga.

Masamba ntchito turnips ndi Palestina ankalima, therere - kukula watercress mu nkhalango, ng'ombe parsnip, horseradish, anyezi, achinyamata goutweed. Western Finno-Ugric anthu nkomwe kudya bowa; pa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kum'mawa, iwo ali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chakudya. Mitundu loyambirira la tirigu kudziwika kwa anthu amene - barele ndi tirigu (alembedwa). Kuyambira kukonzekera phala, jellies otentha ndipo toppings kwa soseji panokha.

Modern zophikira repertoire wa Finno-Ugric anthu ali ndi makhalidwe ochepa kwambiri dziko, monga kwambiri ndi Russian, Bashkir, Chitata, Chuvash ndi chakudya china. Komabe, pafupifupi mu mtundu lidakalipobe imodzi kapena ziwiri chikhalidwe, miyambo kapena celebratory chakudya amene anapulumuka. Mu ndalama, iwo kupereka chithunzithunzi cha Finno-Ugric kuphika.

Finno-Ugric mitundu chipembedzo

Ambiri mwa Finno-Ugric anthu amati wachikhristu. Finns, Estonians ndi Western Lapps ndi Lutheran. Pakati pa Hungarians chogwidwa ndi Akatolika, ngakhale mukhoza kukumana Achikalvini ndi Achilutera.

The Finno-Ugric anthu okhala mu gawo European la Russia, - ambiri Orthodox Akhristu. Komabe, Udmurt ndi Mari anthu anatha kusunga malo akale (za makolo) chipembedzo, ndi anthu Samoyed ndi anthu a Siberia - mizimu.