Literature m'ma 18

m'ma XVIII ndi atumwi a choonadi. Iye anatenga chikhalidwe wakale ndi kupambana kwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. amadza yaikulu sayansi, mwambo ndi makhalidwe anali ndi mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 18, yemwe munapanga amathandiza kwambiri chikhalidwe dziko. Chenicheni wafunsira ku French kuukira boma linasinthiratu kuti chikhalidwe cha Europe.

Literature kwa zaka za m'ma 18 anatumikira ntchito makamaka maphunziro, izo imatsogolera anakhala, anthu kwambiri ndi olemba. Iwo anali ndalama zosaneneka za chidziwitso, nthawizina Buku, ndi opanda chifukwa amaganiza kuti munthu ŵakusanga akhoza kusintha dziko. Ananyamula maganizo awo a anthu kudzera m'mabuku, imene inali yokhudza Mfundo aumunthu. ntchito zimenezi zinalembedwa osiyanasiyana mwachilungamo lonse owerenga, amatha kuganiza. Olemba zoyembekezeredwa amvedwe ndi anthu ambiri.

Pakati pa 1720 ndi 1730s umatchedwa lithandize classicism. wokhutira chachikulu chinali chakuti olemba anyoza boma lachifumu mtheradi, potengera zitsanzo za luso lakalekale ndi mabuku. Ntchito amaiona pathos ndi ungwazi, amene umalimbana lingaliro la chilengedwe cha Boma la paradaiso.

mabuku ena akunja m'ma 18 anachita kwambiri. Anakhoza kusonyeza otchulidwa amene ali okonda dziko lawo woona. Kwa gulu ili la anthu azimai fraternity ndi ufulu ndi patsogolo chachikulu. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti anthu awa kwathunthu wopanda paokha, kulunjika, iwo eni okha chapamwamba chilakolako.

Mu malo ya Choonadi classicism akubwera Choonadi Kuzindikira umene umabweretsa mabuku anthu pafupi ndi mfundo. mabuku ena akunja m'ma 18 analandira malangizo atsopano ndi bwinobwino ndi demokalase. Olemba ndi kutembenukira kwa munthu kufotokoza moyo wake, kulankhula za ululu wake ndi kuwawa. Kunena ndakatulo olemba Language amalimbikitsa awo chifundo. anthu ŵakusanga wa 18 m'ma kumayamba kuwerenga ntchito za Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu, Lessing, Fielding ndi Defoe. The zilembo zazikulu - anthu wamba amene sangaime makhalidwe onse, osatetezeka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri njakata. Olemba ntchito zimenezi akadali kutali kwambiri ndi zithunzi zimathandizadi zolembalemba wa ngwazi wa zaka 19 ndi 20, koma waona kusintha kosangalatsa kwambiri kwa kwambiri yofunika kufotokozera khalidwe.

mabuku Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 18 zimachokera ku kusintha kwa Peter Ine, pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuchotsa malo a classicism ozindikira mpaka Kuzindikira. oimira otchuka nthawi imeneyi anali olemba monga Antiokeya Cantemir Trediakovskii ndi Sumarokov. Adalenga nthaka yachonde pa nthaka Russian pa chitukuko luntha zolembalemba. Wosatsutsika nyota Lomonosov, Fonvizin, Derzhavin, Radishchev ndi Karamzin. Tikadali amasirira ndi maluso awo ndi nzika.

English mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 18 yodziwika ndi mapangidwe malangizo osiyanasiyana. The British anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito Mitundu monga nkhani chikhalidwe ndi banja, amene anaonekera mu talente Richardson ndi Smollett, Stevenson, ndipo, ndithudi, Swift, Defoe ndi Fielding. Olemba England m'gulu la anthu oyamba kutsutsa osati kuti bourgeois ndi bourgeois okha, labwino ndiponso makhalidwe abwino. Komabe, Dzhonatan Svift anaponya mu Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi bourgeois kwambiri dongosolo lake, kusonyeza ntchito zake mbali kwambiri zoipa izo. mabuku English cha m'ma 18 zikufotokozedwa monga chodabwitsa otchedwa sentimentalism. Kabukuka kali ndi mtima woipa ndi kusowa kwa chikhulupiriro mu zolinga ndi cholinga okha pa maganizo amakhala kukonda zili.