Yogonjetsa dziko la Genghis Khan. Zaka za moyo wake ndi ulamuliro wa Genghis Khan. ulendo Genghis Khan ku Russia

Kotala loyamba olemera zochitika m'mbiri ya expanses XIII zana kuchokera Siberia kuti kumpoto Iran ndi Azov analengeza kulira akavalo achilendo ambiri, anathamangira kwa kuya kwa steppes Mongolian. Adamka kwa namatetule zoipa a nyengo ya zaka - ndi olimba mtima wogonjetsa Genghis Khan ndi ogonjetsa a mitundu ina.

Mwana wa ngwazi Esugeya

Temujin - kotero pobadwa dzina lake Genghis Khan, wolamulira wam'tsogolo wa Mongolia ndi kumpoto China - anabadwa kakang'ono ka traki delüün boldog, m'mapiko pa magombe a pa Onon Mtsinje. Iye anali mwana wa mkulu wa m'deralo Esugeya unobtrusive anaberekera koma Bahadar mutu, kutanthauza "wankhondo." Chotero mutu aulemu analandira kwa dziko la mtsogoleri Chitata Tmudzhinom-Ugra. Nkhondo kutsimikizira Goliyati amene ali, ndi ukapolo wake, zofunkha ena anagwira Oelun mkazi wake, patatha miyezi nayini anadzakhala mayi wa Temujin.

Tsiku lenileni la chochitika zidzakhudza kalekale dziko, sitikudziwa, koma zambiri chimaonedwabe mu 1155. Mmene Zaka zake zoyambirira, komanso sanali kupulumuka mfundo zodalirika, koma amadziwika kuti mwamsanga ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi Yesugei mu umodzi mwa mitundu yoyandikana wopalidwa ubwenzi mwana wake dzina la mkwatibwi Borte. Mwa njira, ineyo, ndi suti kwa iye unathera mwachisoni kwambiri kubwerera iye pomudyetsanso poizoni Chitata, amene ndi mwana wake anakhala kumeneko usiku wonse.

Zaka kuyendayenda ndi mavuto

Kuyambira ndili mwana mapangidwe Genghis Khan zinachitika mu chikhalidwe cha kulimbana ankhanza kupulumuka. Nkomwe anthu ake anamva za imfa Esugaja monga kuponyedwa akazitumiza mkazi wamasiye wake (mu ngwazi kudwala-fated anali ndi akazi awiri) ndi ana (amene anasiya kwambiri), kutenga katundu onse amene anatsala mu steppe lapansi. Amasiye banja zaka zingapo zosokera, kukhala pafupi ndi njala.

Zaka zoyambilira Genghis Khan (Temujin) chinachitikira ndi nthawi imene steppes, iwo anakhala kunyumba kwa atsogoleri a mafuko anatsogolera kulimbana aukali mphamvu, cholinga umene unali subordination wa wongosamukasamuka otsala. Mmodzi wa oyenera awa - mutu wa fuko taychiutov Tarqutai-Kiriltuh (a wachibale wa bambo ake) ngakhale anagwira mnyamata, anaona iye mdani m'tsogolo, ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali kusungidwa midadada matabwa.

Ubweya odula, akusandutsa nkhani ya anthu

Koma tsoka kuti ndipereka ufulu wa mkaidi wina amene anakwanitsa kupusitsa oyang'anira ndende wake ndi kumasuka. Ndi nthawi iyi kugonjetsa woyamba wa Genghis Khan. Iwo kunapezeka kuti mtima wa achinyamata kukongola bolodi - iye ikutchedwa mkwatibwi. Kuti Temujin wake anapita, sadzachitanso kamodzi ufulu. Wopemphapempha, ndi kuda ziyangoyango pa woimbayo, anali enviable mkwati, koma n'zotheka kusokoneza mtima wa mtsikana?

Monga atate malowolo Borte anapereka sable wake wapamwamba malaya a mwana-, chimene, ngakhale zikuoneka zosaneneka, anayamba kukwera wogonjetsa tsogolo la Asia. Ngakhalenso lofuna moonetsera mu tsitsi mtengo, koma Temujin anapereka mwinamwake kutaya mphatso ukwati.

Naye, iye anapita amphamvu kwambiri pa mtsogoleri nthawi steppe - mutu wa fuko Kerayit Toorilu Khan anabweretsa wake ndipo iye mtengo wake, osati kuiwala kuti ayende mphatso yabwino nthawi osyasyalika. Kusamuka kumeneku kunali ndithu wamasomphenya. Mosatsata malaya, Temujin unayamba woyang'anira wamphamvu, mu mgwirizano ndi amene anayamba ulendo wogonjetsa.

kuyambira pa msewu

Ndi thandizo la chotero angakuthandizeni amphamvu monga Toora Khan anayamba kulanda lodziwika bwino Genghis Khan. Table kuperekedwa pa nkhani amaonetsera wotchuka kwambiri wa iwo, akhala mbiri kwambiri. Koma iwo sakanakhoza zachitika popanda Nkhata kakang'ono, nkhondo wamba kunathandiza kuti iye anatchuka dziko.

Zoononga oyandikana anthu ulus, iye anayesa kuti akhetse zochepa magazi ndi kupulumutsa miyoyo ya adani awo ngati n'kotheka. Ichi chidachitika osati chifukwa cha umunthu, omwe anali mlendo kwa anthu a steppes, ndipo kuti kukopa anagonjetsa kumbali yake, ndipo chifukwa kuti ndikhale wa asilikali ake. Wonse mbaenda naye ndi nokors - alendo amene ali wokonzeka kutumikira kwa gawo la abe yokopa kupanga.

Komabe, zaka zoyambirira za Genghis Khan kawirikawiri anamufungatira ndi zosasangalatsa miscalculation. Tsiku lina anapita ku anaukira yotsatira, kusiya msasa wawo mosadziletsa. Imeneyi yakuthandizani Markit fuko, amene ankhondo, pakalibe khamu anaukira ndi chuma anafunkha, anachotsedwa naye akazi onse, kuphatikizapo mkazi wake wokondedwa Bothe. Only mothandizidwa ndi chimodzimodzi Toora Khan Temujin zinatheka kugonjetseratu Merkit kubwerera ake okhulupirika.

The kugonjetsa Tartars ndi kulanda a kum'mawa Mongolia

Aliyense kugonjetsa latsopano la Genghis Khan anakweza kutchuka kwake pakati pa wongosamukasamuka steppe ndi mfundo zingapo za olamulira akuluakulu a m'deralo. Pafupifupi mu 1186 analenga ulus ake - ndi mtundu wa boma ang'onoang'ono. Anaikira mu manja ake mphamvu zonse, adamuyika iye pa gawo Kumvetsela mosamalitsa limasonyeza wa ofukula za mphamvu, komwe maudindo onse ofunika inachitika ndi zoyerekeza ake.

Kugonjetsedwa wa Chitata anakhala wa kupambana zofunika kwambiri, umene unayamba ndi kugonjetsa Genghis Khan. Table kuperekedwa pa nkhani yakuti amanena zimenezi mu 1200, koma mndandanda wa kumenyana ndi mfuti anayamba kubwerera mu zaka zisanu zisanachitike. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XII la Chitata anakumana nthawi yovuta. misasa yawo zonse anaukira ndi wamphamvu ndi woopsa mdani - asilikali a mafumu Chinese wa Jin Mafumu.

Anapezerapo mwayi uwu, Temujin m'gulu la asilikali Jin ndi iwo anaukira mdani. Pankhaniyi, cholinga chake chachikulu chinali kuti m'zigawo, chimene iye mofunitsitsa nawo ndi Chinese, ndi kufooka kwa Chitata, amene anayima mu njira yake kuti ulamuliro chosagawanika mu steppes lapansi. Popeza wakwanitsa afuna, katswiri pafupifupi dera lonse la kum'mawa Mongolia, kukhala wolamulira wake popanda chododometsa, monga mphamvu ya Jin mafumu m'dera wofooka kwambiri.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Trans-Baikal Gawo

Ndi msonkho njira osati talente Temujin, koma luso lake zamtendere. Mwaluso zikugwira kutchuka atsogoleri a mafuko, iye nthawi zonse anawauza chidani chawo m'njira zabwino kwa iye. Ndi kulowa mapangano othandizana pa nkhondo ndi adani dzulo ndi zachinyengo ukulimbana ndi abwenzi posachedwapa, nthawi zonse amadziwa kukhala wopambana.

Atalandidwa wa Chitata mu 1202 anayamba yokopa aukali wa Genghis Khan mu Trans-Baikal Gawo, kumene mu zikusowa zedi mafuko anakakhala Tayichi'ut. Iwo sanali ulendo zosavuta mmodzi wa nkhondo kuti Khan anali mosasamala molasidwa mdani muvi. Komabe, kuwonjezera pa zofunkha wolemera anabweretsa Khan chikhulupiriro, monga chigonjetso yekha popanda thandizo la lankhondo.

Mutu wa Wamkulu Khan, ndi ya "Yasa" malamulo

Zaka zisanu zikubwerazi anali kupitiriza ntchito yake yogonjetsa ya anthu ambiri okhala m'dera la Mongolia. Ku chigonjetso ndinso chigonjetso kuchuluka mphamvu ndipo adakula asilikali, kudzadza otsutsa kugwiritsa ntchito zake dzulo. Mu April oyambirira 1206 Temujin anatsimikizidwa Wamkulu Khan pouza iye mutu apamwamba "Kagan" ndi dzina la Chingiz (ogonjetsa a madzi), ndi amene analowa mbiri ya dziko.

Zaka za ulamuliro Genghis Khan anali nthawi imene moyo wa anthu kumugonjera malamulo analongosola malamulo awo, akonzedwa a wotchedwa "Yasa". Mbuto ikulu mu izo wotanganidwa Nkhani wakuuzani makonzedwe a thandizo mabuku mwagwirizana mu msonkhano, ndipo chilango cha oletsa chinyengo zakukhosi chilichonse anthu.

Modabwitsa, malinga ndi malamulo a theka molapitsa wolamulirayo, mmodzi wa makhalidwe abwino apamwamba kukhulupirika ankaona ngakhale kuwonetseredwa mdani kwa mwayekha wake. Mwachitsanzo, mkaidi amene anakana kusiya kale anali mbuye wake, ankaona woyenera ulemu ndi akulandira kupita kunkhondo.

Kulimbikitsa ofukula za mphamvu mu zaka za moyo wa Genghis Khan ukupitirirabe anthu ulamuliro wake unagawidwa zikwi khumi (tumens), zikwi mazana. Pamwamba gulu lililonse anakweza mutu wa mutu (kwenikweni) ndi udindo kukhulupirika kwa atumiki ake. Zimenezi zimathandiza kusunga mu subordination okhwima ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu.

Aliyense wamkulu ndi wathanzi ankaona wankhondo, ndipo anakakamizika kupita ku nkhondo pa chizindikiro choyamba. Ambiri, nthawi kuti asilikali a Genghis Khan anali pafupi 95 chikwi. Man amangiriridwe chitsulo chilango. Lokhoza kusamvera kapena wamantha anasonyeza nkhondo kuphedwa.

njira yatsopano yogonjetsa

Mu 1211 pafupifupi anatsiriza kulanda Genghis Khan anthu okhala Baikal ndi Siberia. Kuchokera ngodya zonse za dera lalikulu ankakhamukira kwa iye msonkho. Koma moyo wake wosakhazikika sapeza mpumulo. Patsogolo anali North China - m'dziko limene mfumu kamodzi anamuthandiza kugonjetsa Chitata ndi kukhala wamphamvu kuuka kwa mlingo watsopano mphamvu.

More zaka zinayi isanayambe ndawala Chinese, pofuna kukutetezani njira kutsatira asilikali ake, Genghis Khan anagonjetsa anawononga Tangut ufumu wa XI Xia. M'chilimwe 1213 anali woyang'anira mumpanda linga zimene zinkachitika Ndime ya Wall Wamkulu wa China, atalanda Jin State. kampeni wake unali wofulumira ndi wopambana. Amapita modzidzimutsa, ambiri a mzinda anawapereka iwo wopanda nkhondo, ndi atsogoleri ambiri a Chinese asilikali agwirizana ndi Aisiraeli.

Pamene anagonjetsedwa North China, Genghis Khan anagwidwa ndi asilikali ake ku Central Asia, kumene iwo analinso mwayi. Kukhala anagonjetsa expanses ambiri, anadza kwa Samarkand, kumene anapitiriza ulendo wake, athana North la Iran ndi zambiri Caucasus.

ulendo Genghis Khan ku Russia

Subutai ndi Jebe - chifukwa kulanda Asilavo m'mayiko m'chaka 1221-1224, Genghis Khan, awiri a mkulu ambiri odziwa anatumidwa. Popeza anawoloka Dnieper, iwo atalanda Kievan Lazaro pa mutu wa asilikali ambiri. Osati kudalira yakeyake kukunda nyamarwa, olamulira Russian anachita mgwirizano ndi adani ake akale - Polovtsy.

nkhondo kunachitika pa May 31, 1223 mu Nyanja ya Azov, pa Kalka Mtsinje. Izo zinatha kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Chirasha Polovtsian. Chifukwa kulephera kwa azambiriyakale ambiri kuona kudzikuza a kalonga Mstislav Udatnogo, amene mtsinje ndi anayamba kumenyana mpaka mphamvu zazikulu. Prince Kufuna kupirira mdani anatembenukira kwa imfa yake ndi imfa ya abwanamkubwa zina zambiri. ndi vuto ngati kuti zokometsera a mzera lawo la Genghis Khan anatembenukira kwa Russia. Koma kutsogolo kwawo akuyembekezera mayeso kwambiri kwambiri.

Last anagonjetsa Genghis Khan

Iye anafa kudzagonjetsa Asia m'chilimwe mochedwa 1227 nthawi imene wake wachiwiri ndi boma la XI Xia. More yozizira anayamba kuzinga likulu lake - Zhongxin, namva kutopa mphamvu zokometsera mumzinda kukonzekera kutenga kudzipereka kwawo. Zinali anagonjetsa lotsiriza la Genghis Khan. Mwadzidzidzi, chisoni ndi slog, ndi nthawi yochepa anamwalira. Osati osaphatikiza kuthekera poizoni, ofufuza amafuna kuona chifukwa cha mavuto chifukwa cha kuvulala analandira atatsala pang'ono kugwa pa kavalo wake.

Malo enieni a manda ya Great Khan kudziwika monga osadziwika tsiku wokha ola otsiriza. Mu Mongolia, kumene unali thirakiti delüün boldog, ndipo malinga ndi nthano anabadwa Genghis Khan, lero wokhazikika anamangapo chipilala ulemu wake.