1223: mu Russia chochitika. Zotsatira za Nkhondo ya Kalka

Black anaonekera mu 1223 dziko lathu. Izi zinachitikira ku Russia ndi chotsimikiziridwa mazana angapo malo ndale kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Wina zinalephereka nkhondo anatembenuka njira yonse ya mbiri.

1223: Chochitika ku Russia

zonse ndi zabwino ku maphunziro a kusukulu kukumbukira kuti chiyambi cha m'ma 13 - nthawi ya nkhondo Mongol m'dziko Polovtsian (pafupi fuko Asilavo) ndi gawo la Russia. Russian kugonjetsa dziko la horde zakutchire zinali pang'onopang'ono, koma zimene zinachitika mu 1223 ku Russia? Zinali May 31, 1223 (monga anatiuza Laurentian Chronicle) anatenga nkhondo yoyamba asilikali Khan ndi asilikali Russian. Ife tonse tikudziwa mbiri ya mwambo umenewu amatchedwa "Nkhondo ya Kalka Mtsinje."

Zimayambitsa Nkhondo ya Kalka

Nkhondo pakati pa Chitata ndi Chirasha Kalonga posapita nthawi, anali kuonedwa. Chifukwa chiyani? Malinga Mongol njira, amene anali mwakuchita Genghis Khan, boma lake anali kuphimba koona Mongolian dera komanso athandize anthu onse a ku Ulaya.

Chifukwa dera zazikulu kwambiri ndi asilikaliwa? Musaiwale kuti ali wongosamukasamuka. Anthu amenewa akhoza kukhala malo amodzi mwa njira ya ulimi. Oyendayenda ndi sanachite malimidwe, ziweto yekha. Oimira anthu ndi ziweto kwambiri kuti anali ndi chinachake kudyetsa. ulimi njira kumafuna nthawi m'malo msipu watsopano, chifukwa msipu akale alibe kudya nyama monga chakudya. Zimafunika Europe anali ku Mongolia ngati msipu angathe ng'ombe zawo.

Events pamaso nkhondo pa Kalka

Zikuonekeratu kuti zinthu pa nkhondo pa Kalka sanabwere yomweyo. Ulendo wopambana wa asilikali Mongolia anayamba ku Central Asia. Kenako gulu lotsogoleredwa kwa Iran. Palibe gulu la asilikali sanathe kuletsa. Mongolia anapitiriza kukwera mu malangizo a Caucasus. atsogoleri gulu kudziwa kuti mmizinda yaikulu ali olemera mu Caucasus, amene ungasoŵetse. Kukhala ulendo wopambana kwa Caucasus, monga asilikali Chijojiya analowa mayiko a Russia ano, amene gawo pamene mafuko a Alans ndi Polovtsy moyo. Mphamvu ya anthu awa woyendayendawu anagonjetsedwa mmodzi ndi mmodzi, chifukwa mayiko a Mongol agonjetsi komanso opareshoni bwinobwino.

1223 ... Chochitika ku Russia, zomwe zingachitike, osati akalonga, chifukwa zidamdziwa kuti pa nthawi ina khamu nyuzi zimenezi Kiev. akalonga a ku Russia ankafunika kumvetsa asilikaliwa pa pempho la Polovtsy. Kachiwiri, zipolowe ndi asilikali Genghis Khan a posapita nthawi, zikanakhoza zachitika. Pozindikira kuti Chitata sanaime, akalonga anaganiza kukana Polovtsian Khan thandizo. Kukwaniritsa mu Kiev asilikali Mstislava Galitskogo ndi Mstislav ndi kufika (panthawi imeneyo Kalonga wa Kiev), anabwera patsogolo ntchitoyi. Nthawi imene asilikaliwa kawiri ankatumiza nthumwi zawo, cholinga chimene anali kuletsa asilikali Russian. Mongolia amanena kuti iwo akhoza kuthana ndi Polovtsy, koma samapita ku mzinda Russian.

Nkhondo ndi Mongolia

Wodziwa amene chochitika chinachitika mu 1223, atatsala pang'ono magulu a Batu Khan, Genghis Khan mu Russia (womwe ndi kulanda olemera mizinda ya Caucasus), olamulira Russian sanakhulupirire akazembe gulu. Choncho, msonkhano unatha. Zigawenga anasamukira pansi Dnieper. Kodi tsopano ndi dera Cherkassy la asilikali Ukraine kalonga anali kudutsa malire a Dnieper. Ngakhale apa panali atakumana koyamba ndi asilikali mdani. Asilikaliwa anali kudya akavalo, kotero iwo anatha kutuluka ndi kunyengerera asilikali Russian mu yabwino ku nkhondo, wapafupi masiku mtsinje Kalmius (Zaporizhia dera).

Yambani nkhondo kwa akalonga Russian. Kumlingo izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi liwiro la kanthu asilikali kalonga. Kiev kalonga mtsinje, ndi kuphunzira Mongolian msasa kutali, anabwerera ku malo a asilikali ake ndipo zimawathandiza kukonzekera nkhondo. The Mongolia anayamba abwerere. Makamaka kwambiri mbamuikha pa kumuwombera ndi Daniila Galitskogo. Koma ndiye Golden gulu kumenya nawo nkhondo mphamvu zina, zimene zinachititsa kuti zotsatira lenileni la nkhondo zambiri mu mbiri ya anthu Chiyukireniya ndi Russian - kuthawa ogwirizana (Polovtsy), chimene chinawononga dongosolo la Russian asilikali akalonga. Patatha izi, ndi Chitata chigonjetso nkhani ya nthawi ndi luso. asilikali Asilavo wavutika zomvetsa katundu nkhondoyi.

Pomaliza

1223 ... Chochitika mu Russia kwenikweni zomvetsa chisoni. Kugonjetsedwa pa Kalka kuika zonse Russia mu kudalira mwachindunji ndi kotheratu boma, "Zolotaya Orda." Tartar goli zinatha pafupifupi zaka 300. Yaikuluyi nthawi zakale kulephereka kungasokoneze chitukuko cha Russia ndi Ukraine m'dziko masiku ano.