Tirigu - ndichiyani? Phindu la zomera mu moyo wa munthu

Kuyambira tili mwana tinadziwa chikhalidwe cha tirigu ngati tirigu. Kodi tirigu, dziwani zonse, komanso kuti popanda izo n'zovuta kulingalira zakudya za munthu wamakono. Lero tikulitsa chidziwitso cha tirigu, tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yake, njira zolima, katundu ndi zambiri.

Zochitika Zachikhalidwe

Tirigu, chithunzi chake chomwe chimakhala chodziwika kwa aliyense, ndi mbewu yambewu ya zaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Nthanga, yochokera ku tirigu wa tirigu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika mkate wochepa ndikupatsa zakudya zina. Zosowa za ufa wophika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa ziweto ndi nkhuku. Kuwonjezera apo, posachedwapa iwo akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zipangizo zamakampani. Chomera chodabwitsa cha tirigu ndicho chinsomba chotsogolera mbewu m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, ndipo ndi chakudya chofunikira kumpoto kwa China, madera ena a India ndi Japan, m'mayiko ambiri a Middle East ndi North Africa, komanso m'mapiri a South America.

Wopanga tirigu wamkulu ndi China, wotsatiridwa ndi America. Kuwatsata ndi mayiko akuluakulu omwe akupanga: India, Russia, France, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. Njere za tirigu ndizofunika kwambiri pa ulimi wamalonda, zomwe zimapereka ndalama zoposa 60 peresenti ya malonda. Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa tirigu ndi America. Kumbuyo kwake kumapita: Canada, France, Australia ndi Argentina. Otsatsa anthuwa ndi Russia, China, Japan, Egypt, Brazil, Poland, Italy, Korea, Iraq ndi Morocco.

Mitengo ya tirigu imayesedwa zikwi zambiri ndipo ili ndi magulu ovuta, ngakhale mitundu iwiriyi ndi yovuta komanso yofewa. Mitundu yofewa imagawidwa m'magazi ofiira ndi oyera. Monga lamulo, iwo amakula mu madera ozizira. Mitengo yokolola tirigu imabzalidwa mu nyengo yowuma, mwachitsanzo, m'madera omwe steppe imakhalapo. Ku Australia ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, mitundu yofewa imapangidwa. Ndipo kumadera monga America, Canada, North Africa, West Asia, Argentina ndi mayiko a pambuyo pa Soviet - makamaka mitundu yovuta.

Biology

Timapitiriza kudziŵa bwino mbewu ngati tirigu. Kodi tirigu ndi malo otani? Ili ndi funso lotsatira kuti muyankhe. Mofanana ndi mbewu zina, tirigu ali ndi tsinde lokhala ndi nodes ndi zolowera zamkati. Masamba ndi ophweka, okhwima, mzere wawiri, wokhazikika. Mmodzi wa iwo amachoka ku mfundo, ndipo amakhala ndi chikazi chomwe chimapangitsa kuti phokoso likhale lopitirira ngati chubu logawanika, ndi mfundo ya mbale yaitali. Pamphepete pakati pa mbale ndi vaginayi pali mitundu itatu yokha: lilime lopangidwa ndi lilime lomwe limagwirizanitsa tsinde, ndi makutu awiri omwe amawumbera.

Mutu wapamwamba, womwe umatchedwanso peduncle, umatenga inflorescence - khutu lovuta. Zimaphatikizapo phokoso lopakatikatikati, ndipo zosavuta zomwe zimachokera pazimenezi ndizomwe zimayang'anizana ndi mbali yayikulu. Pa nkhonya iliyonse pamakhala maluwa awiri kapena asanu akuphulika, omwe amachokera kumbali ya kumunsi ndi awiri a spikelet flakes. Kuphatikiza apo, maluwa onse amatetezedwa ndi awiri a bracts - ochepetsetsa ndi otsika kwambiri mamba. Mu mitundu ina ya tirigu, mtundu wotchedwa flake umatha ndi awn yaitali. Mitundu yotereyo imatchedwa awned.

Maluwa a tirigu, monga lamulo, ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Iwo ali ndi ma stamens atatu ndi pestle okhala ndi zizindikiro ziwiri zowonjezera. Pansi pa bandage muli mafilimu awiri ochepa (omwe amatsutsa), omwe amachititsa ntchito za perianth. Pa nthawi ya maluwa, lycouches imatuluka ndikupatulira mamba omwe akuzungulira maluwawo. Tirigu makamaka ndi chomera chokha, koma pali mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi pollination. Pambuyo pa umuna, chipatso chochepa chokha chimakula kuchokera ku ovary - mbewu yomwe imasungidwa pamtambo ndi mamba.

Mbewu, kapena momwe imatchedwanso mbewu, ndi pericarp, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku khoma la ovary, lomwe limagwirizana kwambiri ndi mbewu imodzi yomwe ili ndi embryo ndi endosperm. Mphunoyi ili pamunsi pa njere, kuchokera kumbali, ndipo imakhala ndi impso, msana, ndi cotyledon yosinthidwa moyandikana ndi endosperm - zowopsya. Pamene mimba imakula, muzu umapereka mizu yoyamba, impso ndi mizu ya "wamkulu" ya zomera ndi ziwalo zake zamlengalenga, ndipo chishango chimatulutsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a endosperm ndikupanga michere yake ku mphukira yomwe inayamba kukula pa nthawiyo. Kotero moyo wanu umayamba ndi tirigu wamng'ono. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa chidzakuthandizani kumvetsetsa momwe zimakhalira.

Njere, yofesedwa m'nthaka, imatenga chinyezi, imatupa ndipo imamera. Mzu wa embryonic ndi impso zimatuluka ndikukula motsatira. Pa nthaka pamwamba, kuchokera ku mfundo yoyamba ya udzu, umene umachokera ku impso, mizu yochepa imachoka, yomwe ndi nthambi yomwe imapanga mizu ya lobe. Malo omwe tsinde limadutsa muzu limatchedwa mizu ya mizu. Pamwamba pa khosi, nsonga zapansi za tsinde ziri pafupi palimodzi. Kuchokera ku machulukidwe a masamba awo omwe amawombera mphukira. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa bushing of wheat.

Pazofotokozedwa njira, zomera zimatchedwa mphukira. Kenaka akubwera siteji yotuluka mu chubu - kuthamanga kwachangu mofulumira. Pambuyo pake kumapita khutu - mapangidwe a inflorescence. Panthawi ya kugawanika, ophunzirira amatenga khutu masentimita asanu ndi atatu kapena khumi pamwamba pa pepala lalikulu.

Mbewu, yomwe yafikira kukula kwake kotsiriza, ili ndi mluza ndi madzi otchedwa endosperm. Poyamba endosperm imaonekera. Pamene chiwerengero cha wowuma chimakula, chimakhala choyera. Gawo ili limatchedwa mkaka wakucha. Pang'ono pang'onopang'ono phindu la tirigu limachepa ndipo zomwe zili mkatizo zimakhala zofanana ndi mtanda wokhoma. Gawo ili limatchedwa sera yakuda. Pamapeto pake, pamene mbewuzo zatha (kumveka bwino), zimakhazikika.

Zida

Kotero, tapeza kale tirigu. Mitundu yovuta ndi yofewa ndi iti, timadziwanso. Tsopano tiyeni tiyankhule za katunduyo, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ichi chapeza ntchito yotereyi. Mitundu yofewa ndi yovuta, pambali imodzi, imakhala yofanana, koma mbali ina ili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, komwe kumayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito ufa. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, kusiyana pakati pa mitundu iwiri ya mbewu za tirigu kunali kudziwika ngakhale kwa Agiriki akale ndi Aroma, ndipo mwina ngakhale zisanafikeko.

Ufa umene umapezeka ku tirigu wawo wofewa uli ndi zofewa ndipo makamaka mbewu zazikulu zowonjezera, zimakhala zabwino komanso zosasunthika, zimakhala ndi gluten pang'ono ndipo zimamwa madzi osachepera. Mtundu uwu wa ufa wapeza ntchito mu confectionery yophika. Chakudya, sizabwino, chifukwa mankhwala ochokera ku ufa woterewa amakhala ochepa ndipo amatha. Kumadera kumene ufa wochuluka umapezeka, mkate umawotcha kuchokera ku chisakanizo cha mitundu yofewa yowonongeka ndi kutumizidwa mwakhama.

Mpunga, womwe umapezeka kuchokera ku tirigu wolimba, uli ndi mbewu zazing'ono zowonjezera, zowonongeka bwino, ndipo zimakhala ndi zakudya zamtundu wa gluten. Fufuyu amatchedwa "wamphamvu", chifukwa imatenga madzi ambiri ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika mkate. Macaroni kuchokera ku tirigu wolimba amakhalanso mankhwala otchuka.

Chiwerengero cha ntchito

Kufunika kwa tirigu m'moyo waumunthu kwakhala kolemetsa nthawi zonse. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa chakudya cha anthu ndi gawo la nyama ndi zina zomwe sizinthu za tirigu, kuchuluka kwa tirigu ndi mbewu zina zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono zimachepa. Tirigu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ngati chakudya cha ziweto. Pa nthawi yomweyi, makhalidwe ake a mphero samakhudza thanzi labwino. Mwachitsanzo, ku America, forage anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zonse, ngakhale kale zinyalala zomwe zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ndalama zopangira mphero zinkadyetsedwa ku ziweto zakale. Chotupa chokhala ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba kwambiri chinkadyetsa ng'ombe ndi akavalo, komanso nkhuku ndi nkhumba. Tirigu wa tirigu wakhala akutchulidwa kuti ndi zakudya zowonjezera kudya zakudya zamphongo ndi ng'ombe. Poyambirira iwo anaperekanso kwa akavalo, pokhudzana ndi mankhwala a laxative. Nkhumba zimayenerera bwino ku bransi yaing'ono, yomwe imaphatikizanso mazira ndi ufa womwe uli nawo. Ndizothandiza kwambiri kuzigwiritsa ntchito pamodzi ndi chakudya cha nsomba, zakudya zamkaka ndi zinyalala, monga zakudya zowonjezera. Ng'ombe za nkhuku, makamaka ulimi wa broiler, kugwiritsa ntchito mphero yotsamba posachedwapa, chifukwa cha kutchuka kwa ndalama zochepa.

Kuchokera ku mapuloteni omwe ali ndi mbewu za tirigu, sodium glutamate inayamba kupezeka. Ndi chinthu chimene chimawonjezera kukoma kwa zakudya. Ku Japan, glutamate ya sodium yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma soya a soya. Komabe, tsopano waphunzira kulandira soya yomweyo.

Mpaka posachedwapa, kufufuza kwa tirigu kunayesetsanso makamaka kusintha zakudya zake. Kafukufuku wamaphunziro awonetsa kuti tirigu gluten angakhale chinthu chopangira kupanga mapulasitiki, mafinya ndi zomatira. Vuto ndilokuti mankhwalawa ndi ofooka ndipo amatha kusungunuka mosavuta m'madzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti sizili za mtengo wamalonda.

Zaka zaposachedwapa, pakhala chizoloŵezi chochepetsera kudya, chomwe chimayambitsanso chidwi pophunzira njira zosagwiritsira ntchito tirigu. Choncho, kuchokera ku ufa, mothandizidwa ndi kupangidwira kwapadera, taphunzira momwe tingapezere zakudya "zosungunuka", kukumbukira maonekedwe a semolina phala, kupanga mapuloteni apamwamba kwambiri kuti azidya kadzutsa mwamsanga wa gluten, tsamba la tirigu lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti likhale lolimba. Ndipo zimamera za tirigu, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri zatsimikiziridwa, ndipo onse anayamba kudya mawonekedwe obiriwira.

Mitundu yowonjezera ndi yosautsa ya ufa yapeza ntchito mu mafakitale. Mpaka umagwiritsidwa ntchito monga zowonjezeretsa pobowola madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta. Ndipo pamene golide imachokera ku njirayi, imakhala ngati wothandizira. Kuphatikiza apo, ufa umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zowonjezera zowonjezera kuti zikhale zomangidwa bwino mchere ndi magawo a mapepala, komanso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo okwanira osakaniza madzi. Ndipo izi ndi njira zowonjezereka zogwiritsa ntchito ufa wa tirigu m'makampani.

Kulemba

Malingaliro azachuma, sikuti onse tirigu ndi ofunikira. Mtengo wa zomera umadalira mtundu. Zopindulitsa kwambiri, ndipo, kawirikawiri, ndizo mitundu itatu ya tirigu: chirimwe / zofewa / zofala, zolimba, ndi zowonjezera. Mitundu yoyamba imakula padziko lonse lapansi ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga zakumwa. Nthanga za mtundu wachiwiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pasta, chifukwa zimakhala ndi gluten. Ndi chisakanizo cha mapuloteni, omwe amapanga mchere wambiri, womwe umamangiriza bwino bwino komanso umatulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide. Chifukwa cha gluten, mtanda umatuluka, ndipo mkate umakhala wobiriwira. Pogwiritsa ntchito tirigu wamphongo, ufawu umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga kuphika.

Tirigu a chilimwe amamera m'mabuku akuluakulu. Miyeso yake yapamwamba imakhala ndi chisa chomwe chili pamwamba. Maluwa otsika pansi amakhala ochepa. Udzu wa tirigu wotero nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda pake. Kuchokera ku tirigu wamng'oma wamba wamakono, omasuka kapena ophatikizana, makutu osweka. Chinthu chosiyana ndi tirigu wolimba ndi khungu lakuthwa, komwe kumakhala kutalika kwa spikelet. Komanso, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi spinous, otsika florets. Solomin durum tirigu, monga lamulo, sali wathunthu.

Tirigu amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagawilidwanso kukhala nyengo yachisanu ndi yozizira. Spring tirigu nthawi zambiri amakula m'madera ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Amabzala m'masika. Mbewu yozizira imafesedwa m'dzinja, ndipo imatsukidwa ku chilimwe chotsatira. Izi ndi mitundu yowonjezereka kwambiri, pamene ikuyamba kukula kusiyana ndi nyengo ya tirigu, imapsa mofulumira, ndipo imapereka zokolola zazikulu.

Ecology

Tirigu amakula bwino mumlengalenga, ndipo amamera pafupifupi m'madera onse alimi, kupatula mwina otentha. Choncho, kulima tirigu kumapangidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Polimbana ndi kuzizira, imataya balere, mbatata ndi udzu winawake. Kutentha kwa tirigu sikungakhale koopsa, pokhapokha ngati kuphatikizidwa ndi mkulu wa chinyezi. Pamapeto pake, mbewu zimadwala matenda osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimachepetsa phindu la kulima kwawo.

Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe ichi chikhoza kukula kulikonse, pali mabotolo akulu awiri, kumene tirigu amakula makamaka makamaka. Yoyamba ili pakati pa madigiri 30 ndi 55 kumpoto, ndipo yachiwiri ili pakati pa 25 ndi 40 madigiri kumwera. Mvula ya mvula yamtundu uliwonse imakhala pakati pa 300 ndi 1100 mm. Mtengo woyenera wa mphepo kuti mukolole bwino ndi 250-1000 mm pachaka. Kukula kwa tirigu kumachitika kutentha kuchokera madigiri 3 mpaka 32. Chifukwa cha kufesa mofulumira kwambiri, mphukira ikhoza kudwala, ndendende, komanso chifukwa chachedwa kwambiri (ngati ndi funso la tirigu wachisanu).

Mbewu ya tirigu, monga lamulo, imafesedwa kuyambira March mpaka May, zonse zimadalira nyengo zakumunda. Zokolola zimayamba kuyeretsa pamene chinyezi cha tirigu chikugwa mpaka 13%. Mbewu ya tirigu imatulutsa nthawi pafupifupi masiku 100 opanda ntchentche. Ngati mutachotsa, musayambe kuyanika. Kuyeretsa kamodzi kumadzaza ndi kutayika kwa voliyumu, pamene tirigu wambiri akuyamba kugwa pansi.

Zima tirigu amakula, mwa zina, kuti ziweto zizidyetsa. Pamene malondawa amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 15-20, msipu umayamba pa munda wa tirigu. Ngati chaka chotsatira kuchokera kumunda womwewo akukonzekera kukolola tirigu, ndiye kudyetsa kwaima pa siteji ya kusintha kwa mbeu kupita mu chubu. M'madera ena a ku America, tirigu amafesedwa pamodzi ndi nyemba za nyengo yozizira, ndipo isanayambe maluwa amatsitsira pansi silage ndi udzu.

Kusintha zinthu

Tirigu a tirigu ali ndi chipolopolo cha brownish, chomwe, pamene chimayambira, chimapanga bran olemera mu mapuloteni, mavitamini ndi mapulosi. Pansi pa shell ndi aleurone wosanjikiza okhala bwino granules. Mimba yomwe ili pansi pa tirigu ndi mafuta ochuluka, mapuloteni ndi mchere. Zonsezi ndi maselo otsekemera a endosperm, omwe ali ndi tirigu wowonjezera ndi gluten, omwe amapereka mayeso a mamasukidwe akayendedwe.

Pa ntchito yopera - ntchito yopeza ufa wa tirigu wa tirigu, vuto limabuka polekanitsa wowuma ndi gluten kuchokera ku zigawo zina za tirigu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti chifukwa cha kamwana kameneka, ufa umakhala wokhazikika ndipo mwamsanga umakhala wakuda, ndipo chifukwa cha aleurone wosanjikiza iwo amapeza malaya a brownish. Chifukwa cha kuyeretsa kwa ufa, ufa wophika ufa umapangidwira - chimphona ndi kuyesa bwino (ufa). Zimapanga 15 mpaka 18% ya kulemera kwa tirigu woyeretsedwa.

Maluwa akuchokera

Tirigu, chithunzi chake chomwe chimakonda kuwonetsedwa pa mapaketi a ufa, ndi mbewu yamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Lili ndi mavitamini ambiri (gulu B, choline, PP, E ndi H), komanso macro-microelements (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron, phosphorus, aluminium, titanium, chlorini, nickel, tin, molybdenum, Chromium, boron, zinc, selenium ndi zina). Choncho, tirigu, phindu ndi zovulazidwa zomwe zidzatengedwa ngati zazing'ono, zili pafupi ndi mchere wonse wofunikira pa moyo wa thupi la munthu.

Zosiyanasiyana za ufa

Mtengo umayikidwa molingana ndi sukulu. Tiyeni tione aliyense wa iwo.

Maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Ili ndi mtundu woyera ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zamtengo wapamwamba. Otsatirawa amalandira phokoso labwino komanso voliyumu yabwino. Mtengo ndi wabwino kwa ufa wosalala, yisiti ndi waifupi.

Kalasi yoyamba. Zitha kukhala zoyera kapena zachikasu. Ndibwino kuti mupange zikondamoyo, mipukutu, pie ndi zina. Kwa zokometsera zapamwamba komanso zakudya zamabotolo, ufawu sungakonzedwe.

Chachiwiri kalasi. Iwo ali mthunzi chikasu kapena grayish. Kuyambira likukhalira fluffy ndi porous pastry. Ntchito ufa wa kalasi chachiwiri makamaka kwa woyera mkate ndi mitanda nesdobnoe. Ambiri ntchito yachiwiri ufa kalasi anali akuphika mikate ndi makeke.

Semolina. Kuwala kirimu ufa, munali amaposa wa gilateni. Ntchito kupangira yisiti mtanda munali kwambiri shuga ndi mafuta. Oyenera yokonza kuphika lapansi.

Wallpaper. Iwo ali ndi lalikulu, si yunifolomu particles. Iwo ali mkulu chinyezi mphamvu ndi luso saharoobrazuyuschey. Makamaka ntchito mitundu kuphika chakudya patebulo.

Phindu ndi mopweteka

Taona kale zomwe tirigu. Kodi chakudya, ifenso mukudziwa. Patsalanso kuti tizimva zopindulitsa ndi zoipa katundu wa ufa yokha.

Ufa kumathandiza kufulumizitsa kagayidwe, kumapangitsa ubongo ndiponso yopanga timafunika, kuteteza dongosolo mtima, kuchepetsa chiopsezo gallstones, komanso amathandiza kuti chithandizo cha kufooka kwa mafupa ndi matenda a Alzheimer. Zinthu alipo zikuchokera ufa, kufewetsa njira yotupa mu thupi, kuteteza mapangidwe a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu mmenemo, ndi kutetezera matenda ena. Ufa amathandiza pa matenda a chifuwa ndi mphumu.

Tirigu, umene uli wosatsutsika ubwino, ali zina zabwino. The sangathe waukulu wa ufa ndi wokhutira caloric. Komanso, achuluke kuthamanga ndi chifukwa thupi lawo siligwirizana.