Yellowstone Caldera. The zotheka kuphulika kwa Yellowstone kuphulika (Wyoming)

Kuphulika kwa mapiri kunakopa anthu. Iwo ankawaona ngati milungu, ankawapembedza ndi kupereka nsembe, kuphatikizapo anthu. Ndipo maganizo amenewa ndi omveka bwino, popeza ngakhale tsopano mphamvu yodabwitsa ya zinthu zachilengedwe izi zimangodabwitsa maganizo a ochita kafukufuku ngakhale ophunzitsidwa.

Koma pakati pawo palinso anthu omwe amaonekera poyera. Mwachitsanzo, ichi ndi malo a Yellowstone ku National Park of Wyoming, USA. Mphamvu yomwe ikugona mu chiphalaphala chachikulu ichi ndikuti ingathandize kwambiri kuti chiwonongeko chathu chiwonongeke mwamsanga. Ndipo ichi sikutengeka. Choncho, phiri la Pinatubo, lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lofooka kuposa "mnzake" wa ku America, panthawi ya kuphulika kwachaka cha 1991 kunapangitsa kuti kutentha kwapansi pa dziko kukhale ndi madigiri 0,5, ndipo izi zinapitilira zaka zingapo motsatizana.

Kodi ndi chikhalidwe chiti chomwechi?

Asayansi akhala atapatsa kale chinthu ichi kukhala malo apamwamba a chiphalaphala. Amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Panthawi yake yomalizira yotsirizira, mapiri onsewa anatha, ndipo anapanga kusiyana kwakukulu.

Ili pakatikati pa bolodi la North America, ndipo osati pamalire, monga "ogwirizana" ake padziko lapansi, amene amaika pamphepete mwa mbale ("Gombe la Moto" lomwelo m'nyanja ya Pacific). Kuyambira zaka za m'ma 80 zapitazo, Geological Survey of America inanena kuti chiwerengero cha zivomerezi, zomwe mphamvu zake sizingawonjezere mfundo zitatu pa scale Richter, zawonjezeka mowirikiza chaka chilichonse.

Kodi boma likuganiza chiyani?

Zonsezi siziri kutali ndi malingaliro. Kuwongolera kwa mawu a asayansi akutsimikizira kuti msonkhano wadzidzidzi unakhazikitsidwa mu 2007, wokonzedwa ndi purezidenti waku America ndi mkulu wa CIA, NSA, FBI.

Phunzirani mbiri

Kodi mukuganiza kuti ndi liti pamene galimotoyo inapezeka? Chiyambi cha kukula kwa America ndi azungu? Inde, ngati sizinali choncho! Ndinapeza izo mu 1960, ndikufufuza zithunzi zojambula zithunzi ...

Inde, tsopano Yellowstone Park inafufuzidwa kale lisanadze ma satellites ndi ndege. Wolemba zachilengedwe woyamba yemwe anafotokoza malo awa anali John Colter. Iye anali mbali ya ulendo wa Lewis ndi Clark. Mu 1807, adafotokoza za Wyoming. Ogwira ntchitoyo anamukantha ndi magetsi akuluakulu komanso akasupe ambiri otentha, koma atabwerera, "anthu omwe amapita patsogolo" sanamukhulupirire, mochititsa manyazi akuitanira ntchito ya sayansi "gehena ya Colter".

Mu 1850, Jim Bridger yemwe anali mlenje komanso wachilengedwe, nayenso anapita ku Wyoming. Ogwira ntchitoyo adakumana naye mofanana ndi momwe adakhalira kale: magulu a nthunzi ndi akasupe a madzi otentha, omwe anathawa kuchokera pansi. Komabe, palibe amene ankakhulupirira nkhani zake.

Pomalizira, pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe, Boma latsopano la US linkagwiritsabe ntchito kafukufuku wochuluka wa dera limenelo. Mu 1871 deralo linaphunzira kayendetsedwe ka sayansi motsogoleredwa ndi Ferdinand Hayden. Chaka chotsatira, lipoti lokhala ndi zokongola kwambiri linakonzedwa ndi mafanizo ambiri ndi zochitika. Pomwepo aliyense adakhulupirira kuti Colter ndi Bridger sananame konse. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Yellowstone Park inalengedwa.

Kupititsa patsogolo ndi kuphunzira

Mutu woyamba wa malowa anaikidwa kukhala Nathaniel Langford. Zomwe zinali pafupi ndi paki yoyamba sizinali zabwino kwambiri: mtsogoleri ndi anthu ochepa omwe anali okonda sanapereke malipiro, osaphatikizapo kufufuza kwasayansi za gawo lino. Chirichonse chinasintha patatha zaka zingapo. Pamene North Pacific Railway inatumidwa, anthu ambiri odzaona malo ndi anthu ankafika kuchigwacho, chomwe chochitikachi chachilengedwe chinali chosangalatsa kwambiri.

Chofunika cha utsogoleri wa paki ndi boma la dzikoli ndikuti, pothandizira anthu okhudzidwa ndi chidwi, sadapange malo apaderawa kukhala okopa alendo, ndipo adaitana asayansi apamwamba ochokera kudziko lonse lapansi kupita ku dera lino.

Makamaka amakopeka ndi abambo asayansi ndi timagulu ting'onoting'ono ta chiphalaphala, zomwe m'derali nthawi ndi nthawi zimapitiriza kupanga masiku athu. Ndipotu, wotchuka kwambiri pa paki ya dziko lonse si phiri la Yellowstone lalikulu (pomwepo iwo sankadziwa ngakhale mawu otere), koma zazikulu kwambiri, zokongola kwambiri. Komabe, kukongola kwa chirengedwe ndi kulemera kwake kwa nyama sizinasiye anthu osasamala.

Kodi chiphalaphala chokwanira ndi chiyani masiku ano?

Ngati tilankhula za phiri lomwelo, ndiye kuti kawirikawiri ndi phiri lodziwika bwino lomwe lili ngati phokoso lamtengo wapatali, pamapeto pake pali mpweya umene magetsi akuwalawo amatha ndipo magma osungunuka amatha. Kwenikweni, phiri lophulika limangokhala lopanda pansi. Pamene lava yosungunuka imatuluka kuchokera mmenemo ndipo imawombera, imapanga mwamsanga kondomu.

Ndiwo oyang'anira okhawo omwe sawoneka ngati "aang'ono" awo. Izi ndi mtundu wa "zithupsa" pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, pansi pa "khungu" lofewa lomwe magma osungunuka amawomba. M'malo opangidwe koteroko, mapiri angapo omwe amatha kuphulika amatha kupanga, kupyolera mu mpweya umene nthawi zambiri umatulutsidwa. Komabe, ngakhale dzenje looneka mmenemo nthawi zambiri siliri: pali mapiri a mapiri, omwe anthu ambiri amatenga monga momwe amachitira pansi pano.

Ndi angati a iwo alipo konse?

Mpaka pano, zosapitilira 20-30 zoterezi zimadziwika. Kuphulika kwawo kochepa, komwe kaŵirikaŵiri kumachitika mwa "kugwiritsiridwa ntchito" kwa nthambi zowononga mapiri, kungafanane ndi kutuluka kwa nthunzi kuchokera ku mpweya wophika. Mavuto amayamba nthawi yomweyo pamene mpweya umathamanga kwambiri ndipo "moto" umadziwulukira m'mwamba. Tiyenera kuganizira kuti chiphalaphala ku USA (monga Etna, mwa njira) chimatanthauzira molondola "gulu" chifukwa cha magma kwambiri.

Ndicho chifukwa chake ndi owopsa. Mphamvu ya zochitika zachilengedwe kotero kuti akhoza kukhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira kuti awononge ufa wa dziko lonse lapansi. Anthu osakhulupirira amakhulupirira kuti ngati mapiri ku United States akadakalibe, 97-99% ya anthu amatha kufa. Momwemonso, ngakhale malingaliro abwino kwambiri sali osiyana kwambiri ndi zovuta zoterezi.

Awuka?

Ntchito yowonjezereka yalembedwa zaka khumi zapitazi. Anthu ambiri ku America sazindikira ngakhale kuti zinthu zitatu kapena zitatu pansi pa nthaka zimayikidwa chaka chilichonse. Pakadali pano, ambiri a iwo ali okha ndi zipangizo zamakono. N'zoona kuti ndikumayambiriro kwambiri kuti akambirane za kuphulika, koma chiwerengero ndi mphamvu za zotupa zotere zimakula pang'onopang'ono. Zoona ndi zokhumudwitsa - malo osungirako pansi amadzaza ndi lava.

Kawirikawiri, kwa nthawi yoyamba asayansi anafotokoza za malo osungirako zachilengedwe mu 2012, pamene magetsi atsopano anayamba kuonekera pa gawo lawo. Patatha maola awiri okha atapita kukafika kwa asayansi, Boma linaletsa mwayi waukulu wopita kukaona alendo. Koma akatswiri a sayansi ya zinthu, akatswiri a sayansi ya sayansi ya zinthu, akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo komanso ochita kafukufuku ena anayamba kuchuluka kwambiri.

Pali mapiri ena owopsa ku United States. Ku Oregon, palinso nyanja yaikulu ya Crater Lake, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala, ndipo sizingakhale zovuta kwa "wothandizana naye" wochokera ku Wyoming. Komabe, zaka khumi ndi zisanu kapena zisanu zapitazo, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti mapiri apamwamba akufunika zaka mazana ambiri kuti atseke, choncho, nthawizonse n'zotheka kulongosola chisautso patsogolo pake. Tsoka ilo, iwo mwachiwonekere anali olakwika.

Kafukufuku wa Margaret Mangan

Margaret Mangan, mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri a Geological Survey ku America, wakhala akuyang'anitsitsa kwambiri mawonetseredwe a zochitika zaphalaphala padziko lonse lapansi. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali, adauza anthu am'dziko kuti asayansi aona kuti maganizo awo ali pa nthawi ya kuwuka kwa mapiri akuluakulu padziko lapansi .

Koma izi ndi nkhani zoipa kwambiri. Chidziwitso chathu chawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, koma palibe mpumulo wa ichi. Motero, phiri lalikulu la United States nthawi zonse limasonyeza ntchito ikukula: panthawi yomwe dziko lapansi linali pafupi ndi dera la 550 digridi Celsius, dome yamagazi inkaoneka ngati mlengalenga, ndipo pang'onopang'ono chinayamba kuwira.

Zaka ziwiri zokha zapitazo, akatswiri ena okhulupirira seismologists adagwirizana kuti zochitika zaphalaphala zaka mazana angapo sizidawopsezedwe ndi anthu. Zoonadi? Pambuyo pa tsunami ya grandiose, yomwe idasambitsa Fukushima, idasiya kupereka maulosi awo. Tsopano akufuna kuchotsa olemba atolankhani omwe alibe chidwi chilichonse. Nanga iwo amaopa chiyani? Kuyamba kwa Ice Age yatsopano chifukwa cha kuphulika kwakukulu?

Zolemba zoyamba zosokoneza

Mwachilungamo, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti asayansi akhala akudziwa za kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa nthawi pakati pa mliri. Komabe, popatsidwa nthawi ya zakuthambo, umunthu sunali wotanganidwa ndi izi. Poyamba, kuphulika kwa mapiri a Yellowstone ku US kunali kuyembekezedwa zaka pafupifupi 20,000. Koma ataphunzira zambiri zokhudza zomwe adazipeza, izi zinachitikadi mu 2074. Ndipo ichi ndi chidziwitso chotsimikizika, chifukwa mapiri ali osadziŵika bwino ndi owopsa.

Wofufuza wina wochokera ku yunivesite ya Utah, Robert Smith, mu 2008 anati "... pamene magma ali pamtunda wa makilomita 10 kuchokera ku zowonjezera (ndi kukula kwake kwa masentimita 8 pachaka), palibe chifukwa chowopsya ... koma ngati Mpaka makilomita atatu, tonsefe sitimayenera. " Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri Yellowstone. USA (kapena m'malo mwake, sayansi ya dzikoli) ikudziwa bwino izi.

Panthaŵiyi, kumbuyo kwa 2006, Ilya Bindeman ndi John Valay adasindikiza mu nyuzipepala yakuti "Earth ndi sayansi ya sayansi," ndipo sanawononge anthu ndi maulendo olimbikitsa. Dera la zaka zitatu zapitazi, linati, akuwonetsa kupititsa patsogolo kwa madziwa, mapangidwe atsopano amatseguka, momwe hydrogen sulfide ndi carbon dioxide zimatuluka pamwamba .

Ichi ndi chizindikiro chotsimikizika kuti vuto lina lalikulu lidzachitika ndithu. Masiku ano ngakhale anthu otsutsa amavomereza kuti ngoziyi ndi yeniyeni.

Zisonyezo Zatsopano

Koma n'chifukwa chiyani mutuwu unali "chikhalidwe" chaka chatha? Ndiponsotu, anthu kale anali ndi chiyeso chokwanira chaka cha 2012? Ndipo chifukwa chakuti mu March panali kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa seismic. Owonjezeka, ngakhale magetsi, omwe akuganiza kuti akhala akugona kale, adayamba kudzuka. Kuchokera m'dera la paki, nyama ndi mbalame zinayamba kusuntha kwambiri. Koma awa ndiwotsutsa kwenikweni a chinachake choipa kwambiri.

Pambuyo pa njuchi, nsombazo zinathawa, mwamsanga kuchoka ku Yellowstone. Chaka chimodzi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a ziweto zinasamukira, zomwe ngakhale achimwenye omwe sankakumbukirapo. Zodabwitsa kwambiri, mitundu yonse ya zinyama zikuyang'ana chifukwa chakuti palibe munthu amene amafufuzira m'deralo. Komabe, anthu adziwiratu kuyambira kale kuti zinyama zimamva bwino kwambiri zizindikiro zomwe zikuyimira masoka achilengedwe aakulu.

Deta yomwe ilipo ikuwonjezeranso nkhawa za anthu a sayansi padziko lapansi. Mu March chaka chatha, seismographs inalembetsa chivomerezi ndi mphamvu ya mfundo zinayi, ndipo izi sizinanso nthabwala. Kumapeto kwa March, deralo linagwedezeka powonekera ndi mphamvu ya mfundo 4.8. Kuchokera mu 1980, uwu ndiwonetsero wamphamvu kwambiri ya zochitika zam'madzi. Ndipo mosiyana ndi zochitika zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, zokambiranazi ndizokhazikika.

N'chifukwa chiyani phirili ndi loopsa kwambiri?

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene panthawiyi panali malo enaake, akatswiri a sayansi akhala akuganiza kuti malo a Yellowstone sakhalanso oopsa: phirili, lomwe linkawoneka kuti, linali litatuluka kale. Malingana ndi deta yatsopano ya geodetic ndi geophysical exploration, mu malo ogwiritsira ntchito magma ndi pafupifupi kawiri kuposa momwe zinasonyezedwa mu malipoti ovuta kwambiri.

Masiku ano zimadziwika motsimikizika kuti gombe ili likuyenda pafupifupi makilomita 80 m'litali ndi 20 m'lifupi. Anaphunzira ndi Robert Smith, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo kuchokera mumzinda wa Salt Lake City, kusonkhanitsa ndi kufufuza deta yambirimbiri ya seismological. Chakumapeto kwa mwezi wa October 2013, adalengeza izi mu mzinda wa Denver, pamsonkhano wapachaka wa sayansi. Uthenga wake unayankhidwa mofulumira, pafupifupi ma laboratories onse otsogolera a padziko lapansi anali ndi chidwi ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku.

Kufufuza mwayi

Kuti afotokoze zomwe anaganiza, asayansi anafunika kusonkhanitsa deta pamasenje oposa 4,500,000 osiyana siyana. Umu ndi mmene anafotokozera malire a Yellowstone. Deta inasonyeza kuti kukula kwa dera la "otentha" m'zaka zapitazo kunasinthidwa mobwerezabwereza. Masiku ano amakhulupirira kuti mavenda a magma ali mkati mwa mamita zikwi zinai za cubic of rock.

Zikuganiziridwa kuti "zokha" 6-8% za ndalamazi zimagwera pa magma osungunuka, koma kwambiri, kwambiri. Choncho Yellowstone Park ndi yanga yowonongeka, yomwe dziko lonse lapansi lidzaphulika (zomwe zidzachitika tsoka, tsoka).

Choyamba chozizwitsa

Kawirikawiri, nthawi yoyamba phirili linawonekera kwambiri pafupi zaka 2.1 miliyoni zapitazo. Dziko limodzi la kumpoto kwa North America panthawiyo linali ndi phulusa lophalapo. Ndipotu, palibe chofunika kwambiri kuyambira pamenepo. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mapiri onse apamwamba amadziwonetsera okha kamodzi mu zaka zikwi 600. Popeza kuti nthawi yomalizira ya Yellowstone Super Volcano inaphulika zaka zoposa 640,000 zapitazo, pali chifukwa chilichonse chokonzekera mavuto.

Ndipo tsopano chirichonse chikhoza kukhala choipa kwambiri, chifukwa mmbuyomu zaka mazana atatu apitawo, kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chawonjezeka nthawi zambiri. Chizindikiro cha zomwe zinachitika ndiye phiri la mapiri. Ndigwedezeka kachipinda kamene kanakhalapo chifukwa cha chivomezi chosaganizirika chomwe chinachitika zaka 642,000 zapitazo. Kodi phulusa ndi mpweya wochuluka zinatayidwa kunja apo, sizikudziwika, koma chochitika ichi chinakhudza kwambiri nyengo ya dziko lathu kwazaka zikwi zotsatira.

Kuyerekezera: imodzi mwaposachedwapa (ndi ma geological) mapulaneti a Etna, omwe anachitika zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi zapitazo, ndipo yomwe inali yofooka nthawi zambiri kusiyana ndi kumasulidwa kuchokera kumtunda, inayambitsa tsunami yaikulu. Zochitika zake zimapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale ku Mediterranean. Zikuganiziridwa kuti ichi chinali maziko a miyambo ya Chigumula cha Baibulo. Zikuoneka kuti makolo athu adakumana ndi zowawa zambiri: mizinda yambiri imangosambitsidwa kanthawi pang'ono. Anthu okhala m'tawuni ya Attle-Yam anali osowa kwambiri, koma ngakhale mbadwa zawo zikupitiriza kulankhula za mafunde aakulu omwe anaphwanya chilichonse.

Ngati Yellowstone amachitira zoipa, ndiye kuti mphutsiyo idzakhala yamphamvu kwambiri zikwi ziwiri zokha, ndipo phulusa lidzatuluka m'mlengalenga mobwerezabwereza kawiri kuposa momwe zidakhalira pambuyo pa kuwuka kwa Krakatoa, pamene anthu pafupifupi 40,000 anafa.

Kuwonongeka si chinthu chachikulu

Smith mwiniwakeyo anabwereza mobwerezabwereza kuti mphutsi ndi chinthu chachisanu. Iye ndi anzakewo-seismologists akunena kuti ngozi yaikulu ikuchitika mu zivomezi zotsatira zomwe zidzakhale zamphamvu kwambiri kusiyana ndi mfundo zisanu ndi zitatu zazing'ono za Richter. M'gawo la paki ya dziko ndipo tsopano pafupifupi chaka chilichonse pali zokambirana zochepa. Kuwononga kwa tsogolo kumakhalansopo: mu 1959 chivomezi chomwe chinali ndi malingaliro 7.3 chinachitika mwakamodzi. Anthu 28 okha anafera, monga ena adatha kuthawa panthaŵi yake.

Nthawi zambiri, Yellowstone Caldera ndithu kubweretsa mavuto ena ambiri. Ambiri mwina, utuluke Chiphalachi yomweyo kuphimba malo osachepera zana makilomita lalikulu, ndiyeno otaya mpweya adzakhala suffocate onse akukhala North America. Mwina chachikulu phulusa mtambo lidzafika kugombe la ku Ulaya kwa munthu pazipita masiku angapo.

Nazi zimene akubisa Yellowstone Park. Pakagwa tsoka dziko lonse, palibe aliyense akudziwa. Tikuyembekezera kuti zimenezi zidzachitika akadali yaitali kwambiri.

Zoyerekeza chitsanzo cha tsoka

Ngati chimaphulika chiphalaphala mmene angayerekezedwe ndi detonation wa khumi mabomba amphamvu intercontinental. Pansi pa dzikoli pa mazana makilomita adzauka ambiri mamita mkulu ndipo kutenthetsa pafupifupi mazana madigiri Celsius. Zidutswa za miyala mu mawonekedwe a mabomba chiphala adzakhala alipo padziko North America kwa masiku angapo. Mu chikhalidwe cha maulendo masauzande kuonjezera zili mpweya monoxide ndi carbon dioxide, sulfide hydrogen ndi mankhwala ena woopsawo. Kodi zotsatira zina kuphulika kwa Yellowstone chiyani?

Lero, akukhulupirira kuti kuphulika udzayaka yomweyo malo pafupifupi 1,000 ^km2. Onse chakumadzulo US ndi zambiri Canada adzakhala otentha m'chipululu. Osachepera 10 zikwi makilomita lalikulu yomweyo ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa miyala red-hot, lomwe nthawizonse kusintha dziko!

Kwa nthawi yaitali, anthu ankaganiza kuti lero likuoneka chitukuko kokha pamene mwagwirizana chiwonongeko nkhondo. Koma lero, pali zifukwa kuganiza kuti taiwala kanthu za mphamvu ya chilengedwe. Iwo anakonza pa dziko ochepa ayezi mibadwo imene kufa ambirimbiri mwa mitundu ya zomera, nyama ndi mbalame. Inu simungakhoze kukhala choncho wamwano ndipo amaganiza kuti munthu - mfumu ya dziko. mitundu athu akhoza lilipoli pa nkhope ya dziko lino kuti wagwiritsa chinachitika mu Zakachikwi zapitazi.

ndi mapiri woopsa kwambiri chiyani?

Kodi pali kudziko lina yogwira mapiri yogwira? Pamndandanda wa anthu inu mukhoza kuwona pansipa:

• Llullaillaco mu Andes.

• Popocatepetl mu Mexico (kuphulika lomaliza mu 2003).

• Kluchevskoy Kamchatka. Izo chinayamba mu 2004.

• Phiri la Mauna Loa. Mu 1868, Hawaii anali kwenikweni kukokoloka ndi madzi osefukira chimphona chimene chinagwera chifukwa cha ntchito yake.

• Fuji. Wotchuka chizindikiro cha Japan. Nthawi yotsiriza "kunakomera" Dziko la Kutuluka Sun mu 1923, pamene nthawi yomweyo unawononga nyumba oposa 700,000, ndi chiwerengero cha anthu akusowa (osati kuwerenga Anavutika) kuposa anthu 150 sauzande.

• Shiveluch, Kamchatka. Sopka chinayamba pa nthawi yomweyo.

• Etna, amene tinawalalikira. Ankaona kuti "mtulo", koma phiri bata - wachibale chinthu.

• Aso, Japan. Zolembedwa m'mbiri - oposa 70 kuphulika.

• Phiri lotchuka Vesuvius. Monga Etna, iye ankaona "akufa", koma mwadzidzidzi anaukitsidwa mu 1944.

Mwina ayenera kutha. Monga mukuonera, kuopsa kuphulika anapatsidwa anthu m'njira zonse za chitukuko.