Frederic Joliot-Curie: yonena ndiponso achita

Frederic Joliot-Curie - odziwika bwino womenyera ufulu chikhalidwe ndi wasayansi French. Iye anali mmodzi wa atsogoleri oyambitsa wa misonkhanoyi Pugwash pa Science ndi World Affairs, ndi chipani mtendere. Pamodzi ndi mkazi wake, Irene analandira Nobel Prize mu Chemistry. Nkhaniyi azipereka lalifupi mbiri yake.

Childhood ndi maphunziro

Jean Frederik Zholio anabadwa mu Paris mu 1900. Henri awisi ndithu bwinobwino chinkhoswe mu malonda, ndipo mayi anga Emilia kubanja Chiprotestanti. Frederick anali mwana womaliza m'banja la Joliot zilipo ana asanu.

Mu 1910, mnyamatayo azikaphunzira ku sukulu yogonera komweko Lakanal. patatha zaka zisanu ndi Jean anabwerera ku Paris ndipo anaganiza kupereka miyoyo yawo kwa sayansi. Mu 1920, mnyamata analowa sukulu ya sekondale ya Ntchito Chemistry ndi Physics. Mu 1923 Joliot maphunziro ndi zotsatira zabwino mu gulu.

Service ndi ntchito

Frederick analandira digiri okonza. Pophunzira wake, iye anaphunzira luso zabwino mu angagwiritsire ntchito sayansi zimapangidwira. Koma koposa zonse, Jean chidwi kafukufuku zofunika. Chifukwa kuti chinamuthandiza ndi Paulo Langevin (French sayansi). Iwo anali naye Frederick za mapulani ake m'tsogolo, pamene iye anabwerera kwawo usilikali. Paulo analangiza Joliot kupeza wothandizira ku Institute Analandira kuti Marii Kyuri. Mu 1925, Frederick anayamba ntchito preparator bungwe ili. Mu tinkasangalalira, mnyamatayu anapita kukaphunzira sayansi zimapangidwira.

moyo

The Institute Joliot anadziwa mwana Mary wina dzina lake Irene. Patapita chaka chimodzi, achinyamata tinakwatirana. Pambuyo kuti Frederick anatenga awiri barreled anenedwanso - Joliot-Curie. Mkazi zomwezo. Posachedwa banjalo ana awiri - mwana wamwamuna ndi wamkazi (onse anakhala asayansi m'tsogolo).

kafukufuku

Atakwatirana, ndi ngwazi ya m'nkhaniyi wapitiriza ntchito pa Institute Analandira. Mu 1930 iye analandira wake mutu digiri ya kafukufuku chigawo chimodzi cha polonium nyukiliya. Koma, ngakhale mlingo, pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mu asayansi sadziwa dzina Joliot-Curie. Ndiko kuti, Iye anali wamng'ono kudziwika.

Frederick anayesa kupeza malo maphunziro, koma anayesa wake analephera. Wasayansi anali kale kuganizira za mmene angakhalire ndi sayansi ogwira ntchito pa mafakitale. Joliot-Curie anathandiza Zhan Perren. Ndiyamika mnzake ndi Frederick anapambana maphunziro boma ndipo anatha kukhala pa anayambitsa. Mu 1930, German sayansi Walter bothe anasonyeza kuti pamene ovuta helium mtima (popangidwa ndi oipa a polonium) boron ndi beryllium, yotsirizira zimatulutsa mkulu ozama cheza.

Kupezeka kwa maphunziro zomangamanga walola Joliot-Curie kulenga tcheru chowunikira ndi anamanga-condensing chipinda. chipangizo olembedwa ozama cheza. Chitsanzo choyamba anatengedwa polonium. Mu 1931, Frederick ndi mkazi wake anayamba kuphunzira Baibulo. Pa kafukufuku, anapeza kuti ngati boron pakati pa irradiated (ndi beryllium) ndi chowunikira ndi mbale woonda zinthu haidrojeni munali, mlingo woyambilira cheza ndi kawiri.

Kupezeka kwa zinthu zatsopano

Zimene zina anafotokoza chikhalidwe cheza ndi zina. Kunapezeka kuti wapangidwa maatomu wa hydrogen kuti akakumana ndi cheza kukhala mwachilungamo mkulu liwiro, ngakhale kuti Frederick kapena Irene kumvetsa bwino tanthauzo lalikulu kwa ndondomekoyi. Komabe, chifukwa cha zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo Dzheyms Chedvik mu 1932 atapeza nyutironi tinthu, zomwe ndi mbali ya phata atomiki. Pa nthawi yomweyo American sayansi Carl D. Anderson analemba za positrons kukhala byproducts pa kuukira kwa particles Alpha aluminiyamu kapena boron.

Irene ndi Frederic kuchita kafukufuku wawo ndi kuika kuyesera latsopano. The condensing zitsanzo chipinda zimayikidwa zotayidwa ndi boron, ndi kutsegula wake lotsekedwa ndi aluminum zojambulazo. Kenako banjali linayamba cheza Alpha cheza. The positrons adzakhala allocated, koma pambuyo mphindi zingapo anapitiriza polonium gwero kuthetsa umuna awo.

Choncho, Frederick ndi Irene anapeza kuti zitsanzo zina irradiated ndi boron ndi zotayidwa anali lidzasinthidwa zinthu zatsopano mankhwala. Komanso iwo anakhala nyukiliya. Boron isotope ndi kutembenukira ku asafe ndi zotayidwa - phosphorous.

The Prize Nobel

Mu 1935, Irene ndi Frederic anali kupereka ya Nobel Prize chifukwa kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zatsopano za nyukiliya. Choncho dzina Joliot-Curie anali muyaya alembedwa mbiri zimapangidwira. Mu wake Nobel kulankhula wasayansi anaona kuti yokumba nyukiliya zinthu ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tracers. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kwambiri vuto lopeza ndi kuchotsa zosiyanasiyana zigawo zikuluzikulu zomwe ali zamoyo.

ntchito zina

Mu 1937, wasayansi Joliot-Curie anapitiliza kugwira ntchito pa Institute Analandira. Komanso, anaikidwa Pulofesa pa koleji de France, Paris. Apa wasayansi anatsegula malo kafukufuku zimapangidwira nyukiliya ndi sayansi. Ndipo komabe Frederick adzaika choyezera, kumene akatswiri a mbiri zosiyana ntchito limodzi kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino. Kuwonjezera pa kukhoma sayansi ankalamulira woyamba cyclotron ku France, kumene kasupe wa particles Alpha chiyani anakonza zinthu nyukiliya.

nkhondo

Mu 1939, German sayansi Otto Hahn anapanga anapeza munthu. Iye anati asayansi zokhuza kuthekera fission maatomu ureniamu. Zitatha izi, Joliot-Curie anasonyeza kuti zachiwawa. Wasayansi kuzindikira zedi mphamvu anamasulidwa pa fission atomu. Ntchito, Frederick ogulidwa kuchokera Norway pafupifupi buku lonse kupezeka madzi katundu. Koma ofufuza za sayansi mawu inayamba pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. France wotanganidwa asilikali German. Kuika kwambiri, Joliot-Curie kukanyamula madzi onse wolemetsa England, kumene asayansi ntchito pa chitukuko cha zida atomiki.

policy

Pa ntchito ya Frederick anakhalabe mu Paris. Ngakhale kuti wasayansi anali mu French Socialist Party ndipo anali kukhulupirira odana lopondereza, akhalabe malo awo pa koleji de France, ndi Institute of Analandira. Komanso Joliot-Curie anali membala wa gulu kukana ndipo anali pa mutu wa "National Front" (bungwe mobisa). Ndipo choyezera Frederick ntchito kupanga mawailesi ndi mabomba, amene anamasulidwa ku omenyana wa fundo. Mkati mwa nkhondo, wasayansi chitsanzo cha mphunzitsi wake, Langevin ndi kulumikiza Party Communist.

Pambuyo kumasulidwa likulu French ya ngwazi za nkhaniyi anaikidwa malo Director wa National Center Research. Frederick anali kutsitsimutsa lingathe dziko sayansi. Kumapeto kwa 1945 wasayansi anapemphanso pulezidenti Charles de Gaulle. Joliot-Curie ku France ankafuna kulenga Atomic Energy Commission. Patatha zaka zitatu, wasayansi walunjika kukhazikitsa woyamba riyakitala nyukiliya la dzikolo. Izi kwambiri kuchuluka mbiri yake monga wasayansi ndi woyang'anira. Komabe, umembala Frederick mu Party Communist kwachititsa kwambiri wosakhutira. Mu 1950, iye anali kumasulidwa ku malo a mkulu wa Commissariat.

imfa

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa Frederic Joliot-Curie, amene yonena waperekedwa pamwamba anadzipereka chiphunzitso ndi kafukufuku. Iye anachititsanso Council World ndi kumulondolera ntchito ndale. Mu 1956, Irene anamwalira. Imfa ya mkazi wake kuti Frederick nkhonya lolemera. Koma iye ankayenera kuti ndisamacheze pamodzi ulendo wa Institute of Analandira. Joliot-Curie komanso kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga yunivesite latsopano Orsee ndi kuphunzira pa Sorbonne. Koma posakhalitsa, thupi lake chokumana ndi zonyamula patsogolo za matenda yapita ndi nkhawa, alephera. Mu August 1958, wasayansi wafa Paris.

Zokonda ndi mphoto

Anzawo zimaonetsa Frederick monga wodwala, wokoma mtima ndiponso tcheru. Iye ankakonda kuwerenga, kujambula mitunda ndi kuimba limba. Mu 1940 Joliot-Curie, anapata chagolide Mendulo Barnard a University Columbia kwa zinthu zazikulu sayansi. Ndipo mu USSR Frederick kupereka wa Stalin Prize, anaperekedwa pachaka "mtendere pakati pa anthu."