Gabriel Tarde: yonena ndi chithunzi

Mwa anzeru amene anasiya amaonekera phunziro la chitukuko la anthu, malo apadera kulamulidwa ndi French wasayansi Gabriel Tarde, yonena ndi kufufuza zinthu zomwe ndi maziko a m'nkhaniyi. Ambiri a malingaliro anasonyeza kumayambiriro kwa XIX ndi XX zaka zambiri, simunataye kufunika awo lero.

Ku sukulu Jesuit kwa Sorbonne

Jean Gabriel Tarde anabadwa March 12, 1843 m'tauni ya Sarlat, limene lili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa France, pafupi Bordeaux. Tsoka anachita zonse kulongosola moyo wake m'tsogolo m'njira malamulo: awisi anali woweruza, ndipo mayi ake ankachokera ku banja la chilamulo odziwika bwino, kukongoletsa maina awo njira loudest pa nthawi imeneyo.

maphunziro awo aang'ono Gabriel anayamba kusukuluyi, m'manja mwa Roma Katolika Order ya Ajezwiti, ndilo ndithu mu mzere ndi za chikhalidwe cha makolo ake. Titamaliza mu 1860 ndi digirii ya Bachelor ya Tirhana, anakonza m'tsogolo kupereka mmalo sayansi luso koma zinthu zinali ngati kuti phunziro la lake linali lamulo. Makalasi anayamba mu kwawo, Gabriel Tarde zaka awo asanu m'makoma wotchuka Paris Sorbonne.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi mzinda woweruza

Kunyumba wazamalamulo mbiri yabwino, mnyamata anapitiriza mwambo banja. Popeza inayamba mu 1867 woweruza wothandizira ndi likunena kusunthira mmwamba ntchito makwerero, ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri anadzakhala woweruza okhazikika mzinda wa kwawo wa Sarlat, ndi Choncho, udindo m'mbuyomu ndi bambo ake. M'njira imeneyi anatumikira zaka makumi awiri Tarde.

Komabe, kuti apindule nayo si okha zinthu za jurisprudence. More Gabriel Tarde pa University anakhala chidwi milandu ndi zigawenga Anthropology - sayansi kuti amaphunzira maganizo, thupi ndi anthropological mbali kubwereza olakwa.

Makalasi mu milandu, zimene zinabweretsa ulemerero loyamba

Tikumbukenso kuti mu theka lachiwiri la XIX atumwi, milandu, cholinga kuphunzira mbali zosiyanasiyana za zolakwa, monga zikhalidwe ndi zifukwa iwo anachita, njira ndi njira zopewera, koma makamaka chofunika kwambiri, zigawenga munthu okha, analandira chitukuko wapadera mu France. Kumeneko anaonekera akuti "milandu", adalowa tsiku ndi tsiku moyo katswiri-KATSWIRI Paulo Topinardom.

Kugwira mavuto amenewa kuya, anapeza Tarde nayamba kulalikira ku magazini ya sayansi, ndipo pamene mu 1887 analengedwa Sarlat Archive wa Anthropology chigawenga, anakhala ake co-wotsogolera. M'tsogolo, ntchito sayansi Gabrielya Tarda inayamba kusindikizidwa mu Mabaibulo osiyana, kulenga iye kutchuka kupitirira malire a France.

Kuyesa kudziwa "zigawenga titadziwa"

Kuyima angapo pa ntchito yake bungwe ili, tisaiwale kuti file wa Anthropology chigawenga analengedwa kwakukulukulu chifukwa cha kutchuka kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX ndi zofufuza za sayansi Italy ndi criminologist Cesare Lombroso.

Amadziwika kuti kuzipenya ake oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira anthropological muyeso wa zigaza zigawenga, kuyesa kuonetsa kuti ndi zizindikiro zoyenera kungakhale digiri chokwanira Mwina amasonyeza kutengera za munthu zochita oletsedwa. Mwachidule, iye anali kuyesera kudziwa mtundu anatomic la "zigawenga titadziwa."

Chifukwa chaichi, ndipo analengedwa Sarlat Archive wapadera, amene amatenga zipangizo kudutsa dziko, kuchokera kafukufuku wa anthu amene achita milandu. Kuphunzira ndi systematization Tarde chinkhoswe kuyambira 1887, popanda kum'dula pachimake ntchito yake mzinda woweruza.

Kusamukira ku Paris, ndi ntchito kafukufuku wotsatira

Mu 1894, pambuyo pa imfa Tarde mayi iye anachoka kwawo n'kukakhala kalekale ku Paris. Kusiya jurisprudence otsiriza kenako kudzipereka kwa sayansi, pamene kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana kafukufuku wake, ndipo mu kufanana kuchita Chaanthu milandu. Mbiri ya kafukufuku lalikulu, ndipo amadziwikanso mu asayansi asiya Gabriel Tarde zatenga malo apamwamba mu Utumiki wa Justice, lotsogoledwa ndi gawo ziwerengero upandu kumeneko.

Tard Gabriel anali pa nthawi ina kudziŵika kokha kuti sikolala komanso mphunzitsi amene anamuukitsa gulu la maloya French. ntchito yake yophunzitsa inayamba mu 1896 pa sukulu Free wa Sciences Political, kenako anapitiriza adzakhala katswiri wa maphunziro ndi kafukufuku likulu la College de France, kumene ntchito mpaka imfa yake mu 1904.

Mkanganowu ndi Emil Durkheim

Ntchito zoyenera nkhani za khalidwe la anthu, Gabriel Tarde anadalira makamaka pa ziwerengero ndi kusanthula poyerekeza ntchito ngati njira yaikulu kafukufuku. Mu iwo, nthawi zambiri anakangana ndi yofanana ndi ndinalandira ankazindikira mu asayansi, - French Katswiri Emile Durkheim.

Mosiyana ndi anzake, ponena kuti ndi anthu amene amalenga aliyense, Tarde, chotsatira ndi munjira ina, anali wofunitsitsa amakhulupirira kuti anthu pawokha ndi mankhwala a mogwirizana ndi nzika za munthu. M'mawu ena, mkangano pundits anapita chimene chili chachikulu ndi zomwe sekondale - anthu amene amapanga anthu, kapena anthu, mankhwala amene amakhala mwa munthu aliyense.

Umphumphu wa kampaniyo chifukwa cha onyenga mangawawo

Pa mapeto a XIX atumwi, ndi monograph lapadera, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Gabriel Tarde - ". Malamulo a onyenga" Kwenikweni wake inali yakuti, malinga ndi wasayansi, ntchito chikhalidwe ndi kulankhulana kwa anthu a m'gulu makamaka zochokera onyenga ndi kukopera khalidwe la anthu ena ndi ena. pochita zimenezi kubwerezabwereza mwadongosolo maganizo osiyana siyana, maonekedwe a ntchito zothandiza, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi zikhulupiriro. Izo zimapangitsa onyenga kusewera nawo pa ku mibadwomibadwo. Ikuonetsanso lonse kampani dongosolo.

Aluso munthu - injini za patsogolo

Kukula kwa anthu, monga mwa chiphunzitso cha Tarde, ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ake nthawi kuoneka osiyana umunthu mphatso wokhoza, akuphulikira mwa ndondomeko ambiri kuwatsanzira, kunena mawu atsopano mmunda uliwonse wa zochita za anthu. Chipatso cha ntchito zawo zimakhala lingaliro umboni, mosabisa chuma chogwirika.

zinthu latsopano kutatha iwo - Tarde anawatchula kuti ndi "zoyambitsidwa" - yomweyo kukopa akutsanza ndipo pamapeto pake anavomereza ponseponse. Umu ndi momwe, malinga ndi asayansi, kuphatikiza mabungwe onse chikhalidwe - ambiri a anthu, analephera kuyambitsa chilichonse, ndinayamba kutsanzira innovators (innovators), ndi ntchito adaalenga. Amagwiritsidwanso inati osati zaluso onse analandira mwa anthu kutsanzira, koma okhawo amene zikugwirizanira chikhalidwe kale ofala ndipo samabwera zosemphana ndi izo.

Choncho, wolemba wa chiphunzitso ananena kuti kusanduka chikhalidwe cha anthu chifukwa cha ntchito yolenga ya ena mwa mamembala ake amphatso, osati masoka ndondomeko mbiri monga anatsutsa Emil Dyurkgeym.

Kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha chikumbu-mtima chofanana

Masiku ano, padziko lonse lotchuka, lomwe linalembedwa zaka zomalizira za moyo wake Gabriel Tarde - ". Opinion ndi khamu" M'bukuli iye anafotokoza maganizo ake yovuta kupambana zaka wake, ndipo anapulumuka ku pano tsiku mfundo chikumbu-mtima chofanana, amati alipo mobisika ndi maganizo munthu ndi chinachake palokha. Kumanga pa malingaliro mawu ali pamwambawa, mfundo wolemba za udindo yaikulu ya kutsitsimuka kwa munthu aliyense limodzi ndi, chotero, pa udindo wake kwa zochita anachita ndi khamu la anthu.

Iwo sizidzakumbukiridwa monga nkhani zambiri, imene zoyenera ntchito yake Tard Gabriel - ". Chodabwitsa cha khamu la anthu ' Pa nkhani imeneyi, iye ananena ndi French zamaganizo Gustave Le Bon, amene amanena kuti XIX atumwi ndi "zaka cha khamu la anthu." Kutsutsa izo, Tarde ankanena kuti n'zosatheka kusakaniza awiri mfundo chosiyana - khamu ndi omvera.

Ngati maonekedwe a khamu amafuna pafupi thupi kukhudzana pakati pa zigawo wa anthu ake, omvera ndipamene maganizo ofanana ndi nzeru. Pankhaniyi, angakhale anthu amene mwachirengedwe ili pa mtunda wautali Chrixitu. Makamaka zofunika anali Satana ananena m'masiku athu, pamene atolankhani amatha chongopeka analenga wamba onse, kutsogolera maganizo ake m'njira yoyenera kwa iwo.

nthambi zina za sayansi kuti chidwi Tarde

Pali malo ena a sayansi kuti amachita ndi Gabriel Tarde - Chaanthu sanali kumunda kokha za ntchito zake. Kuwonjezera milandu tatchulawa, wasayansi analipira kwambiri chidwi ndi sayansi chikhalidwe nkhani monga sayansi zandale, zachuma ndi mbiri luso. Yotsirizira ayenera n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa kamodzi maphunziro ku sukulu Akatolika ndi digiri paluso chabwino. Mu zonse za m'minda awa a chidziwitso Gabriel Tarde Polemeretsedwa sayansi otsalira pambuyo ntchito.

Mfundo za sayansi French anapeza yankho lonse ku Russia. Ambiri mwa ntchito zake amasuliridwa Russian ndipo linakhala cholowa cha anthu ngakhale pamaso zitasintha. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1892 ku St. Petersburg linasindikizidwa buku (Gabriel Tarde "malamulo a onyenga"), akufotokoza mwachidule pamwamba. Komanso, anaona kuwala kwa monograph "The milandu a khamu", "Mfundo yaikulu ya luso" ndi ena ambiri.

malingaliro Tarde mu kuwala kwa tsiku lino

Mkanganowu kuti zinachitika mu XIX m'ma pakati Tarde ndi Durkheim chimene chili chachikulu: munthu kapena anthu, anapeza kupitiriza ake lero. Modernity wapereka kutsogolera latsopano mtsutso pakati pa mbali ya mamasulidwe a anthu ngati woima lake ndi adani awo amaona kuti gulu la anthu paokha.

Ngakhale kusiyana mu akuti cholowa chake sayansi, asayansi amakono kupereka ngongole Tarde nyota monga woyambitsa wa angapo otchuka masiku ano zigawo Chaanthu. Ena mwa iwo ndi kusanthula chofunika kwambiri maganizo a anthu ndi chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe misa. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti m'zaka za m'ma XX anali chiphunzitso ofala Durkheim akadali anthu kuti umakhudza mapangidwe munthu, osati mosemphanitsa. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Tarde angapo anataya kutchuka kwake.