Golidi ndi muyezo wa kutalika. Kutalika kwa golidi. Yerengani ndi chigoba

Chigongono kukhala mbali ya thupi, kapena kani, "malo pindani dzanja," ziri zodziwika bwino. Komanso, palibe amene tingafunse mafunso ndi kudabwa tanthauzo chachiwiri cha mawu, ndi kuchita ndi zovala. Malowa pa malaya kumene ojambula pa chigongono olowa. Koma lero, osati aliyense amadziwa kuti kwa zaka zingapo Mau chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu lachitatu, tsopano ndi achikale tanthauzo: chigongono - muyeso wa utali. Iye ali pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ntchito ndi anthu ambiri mu madera osiyana a dziko, kuphatikizapo anthu woyamba wa boma wakale Russian, ndipo kenako - pa Russian Ufumu.

Chigongono - muyeso kutalika?

Chifukwa cha ichi zachilendo kuona kwa munthu wamakono wa Mau anali kwenikweni wosavuta. Pamaso pa Kubwera kwa masentimita miyambo, ndipo ena odziwika bwino kwa ife lero, chophweka njira kuyeza mayunitsi ndi ankatsogoleredwa ndi zimene bwino. Mwachitsanzo, mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi la munthu. Komanso, iwo nthawizonse zakhala "naye." kutalika kwa zala ndi manja, kapena phula zikutanthauza ndi chiyani? Zingati kulemera angalere munthu pa nthawi? ndi mtunda pakati anatambasula chala chachikulu ndi index zala za chiyani? Mafunso awa ndi zina mafunso ngati amenewa athandiza kudziwa kulemera kwa masiku akale, kutalika, kutalika kwa zinthu. Kumene, deta awa anali pafupifupi ndi zambiri zosiyana, koma anasiya wamba kachitidwe onse kuyeza pafupifupi kwathunthu kuthetsedwa vuto la tanthauzo la zosintha. Chothandiza ndi kumapangitsanso zotsatira za ntchito yanu, anthu pang'onopang'ono anazindikira kuti m'madera ena (nthawi zina m'dzikoli limodzi) aliyense wagawo anali wotetezedwa deta omveka bwino.

Kuposa ife ntchito mu masiku akale, m'dziko mwathu

An muyeso wakale wa kutalika mayiko Russian mwina maina osiyana: inchi, inchi, mkono umodzi, mitunda (kapena sitepe), mapazi asanu ndi awiri, miles. Ena anaonekera kale, ena kenako, koma onsewa kwa nthawi yaitali anali anthu ambiri dongosolo manambala. mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono ankagwiritsa ntchito mu dera zoweta, otsiriza awiri - zambiri kudziwa kutalika kwa nthawi yaitali pakati pa malo positi ndi midzi.

Muyeso wa chigongono chinafala malonda amalonda poyamba anali amalonda wangwiro ndi eni makola mu kugulitsa tating'ono ting'ono za nsalu, lona, nsalu. Landlords ntchito mosavuta kudziwa kutalika kwa chingwe cha hemp kapena thonje ku ubweya pa kanema ndi. Chigongono ndi ntchito pomanga Mwachitsanzo, kudziwa kukula kwa zenera ndi khomo mipata.

Mu Russia pali Mabaibulo angapo masitepe imeneyi ndi yosavuta. Choncho kusiyana ndi mawondo lalikulu, lomwe kawiri kuposa zachilendo ndipo anali kutalika kwa dzanja kuchokera m'mapewa mosavuta. Kwa kanthawi iye anali dongosolo yotchuka kwambiri ya muyeso malonda (pambuyo N'chimodzimodzinso kuyeza zitsulo bwalo). Panalinso chosakwanira, dvuhladonny, Iwanski (iye formalized mu Velikiy Novgorod ndi m'madera) chigongono. Kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi, ichi muyeso wakale wa kutalika wakhala kuboma ndi ntchito m'madera onse a boma Russian. Ndipo mawu akuti "chigongono" kwa nthawi yaitali kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mtengo uwu. Ndi kokha kuyambira chiyambi cha XVI atumwi ku zinthu zolembedwa kumbuyo izo wotetezedwa bwino kuti ife mtengo - unakhota mkono.

Monga anatsimikiza mtima kukula kwa chigongono

funso waukulu, amene nthawi zambiri chidwi anthu kudzindikira lero wachotsa ntchito mawu oti "mkono - ndi mochuluka bwanji?"

Pofufuza yankho, muyenera kuyambira magwero nduna - Dictionary. Iwo lodziwika bwino ndi kulemekezedwa mabuku a C ndi D. Ushakov Ozhegov mu imodzi mwa mfundo limapereka tanthauzo lofanana, tsopano amalembedwa ngati "lotha". Iwo chigongono - muyeso wa kutalika ntchito pa dera la Old boma Russian ndipo ndi wofanana ndi pafupi theka la mita. Komabe, ngati ife tiyang'ana pa mabuku ena, mungapeze kanjedza osiyana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri ali 46-47 masentimita Kwinakwake mungapeze kukula kwa 38-46 cm, ndipo ngakhale zoposa 50 cm Mwachibadwa, funso n'lakuti palokha: .. "Kodi analinso wofanana chigongono mu masiku akale ndi chimene chinayambitsa kusiyana ngati kudziwa kutalika kwake?"

Kukambitsirana pa nkhani imeneyi, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti poyamba, patsogolo kufala kwa manambala ndi mayunitsi zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi "kasupe" chifukwa chofunitsitsa zamitundu awo, kuphatikizapo chigongono yomweyo, anali mbali ya thupi. Komabe, anthu onse ndi makhalidwe osiyana thupi ndi mphamvu. Choncho, mtunda kuchokera chigongono kwa dzanja kapena chala nsonga ya pakati pa nkhonya clenched (amene amasonyeza kukula kwa wagawo) pa munthu aliyense anali munthu. Iwo likukhalira kuti m'gawo la pafupifupi m'chigawo mu Russian State chigongono kutalika anali wosiyana ndi ena. Kuti mwanjira kubweretsa dongosolo ndipo pachilichonse m'dera chimodzi Meya nthawi zina anapereka ili unit wa mlingo umene zitsanzo, ndiyeno iwo ankaganizira amalonda onse m'misika ndi m'masitolo ndi ogula. mwambo umenewo wakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali: kuchokera XI (Mulimonsemo, pa nthawi ino ndi kutchula koyamba za chigongono mu "Russian Choonadi" Grand Prince Yaroslava Mudrogo) mpaka m'ma XVI. Kenako m'malo mwa bwalo, umene anachita mu Russian Ufumu pamaso pa Kubwera kwa mayunitsi ano.

Mbiri ya kudziwa kukula kwa chigongono

Nthawi zambiri kuti tithe kumvetsa zakale zochitika m'mbiri ali magwero kuti kwa zaka zambiri akhala anasunga umboni wa zochitika zinachitika olembedwa. Kuti deta pa mayunitsi alipo mukhonza kuwapeza mabuku.

Mmodzi wa zipilala loyamba la mabuku akale anali "Kuyenda abbot Danieli Land Woyera", olembedwa pa chiyambi cha m'ma XII. Mlembi wake, wansembe amene anatsogolera kampeni Apaulendo ku Palestine ndiponso malangizo lipoti la mtundu wake. Ndi mankhwala mu gawo anathandiza m'nthawi kupeza yankho ku funso lakuti: "chigongono - izi ndi mochuluka bwanji?"

chakuti "Kuyenda ..." limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za tiakachisi waukulu wa Yerusalemu - Manda Opatulika, ndipo kuphatikizapo kuperekedwa kukula kwake enieni. Choncho Daniel ananena kuti m'litali ndi m'lifupi akukhudzana ngati chipilala chigongono anayi awiri. Kenako, mu m'zaka za m'ma XVII, wina wansembe Russian - mabishopu, Nikon - anapangidwa zachilendo kwambiri, ndipo munthu ngakhale kufika maloto. Pa gombe la pa Istra mtsinje motsogozedwa wake anamangidwira zazikulu Kuuka New Jerusalem ansembe yotchedwa, pafupifupi chimodzimodzi, koma ocheperako, wodziwika nyumba Palestina. Iwo unakhazikitsidwa ndi buku lenileni la Woyera Manda, amene anali ndi miyeso mofanana mu Land Woyera, koma zafotokozeredwa omanga ndi vershoks muyezo. Nzoona awa awiri ogwirizana ndi mayina a Daniel ndi Nikon kenako analola amayerekezera deta zilipo ndi kuwerengetsera yosavuta masamu kuti adzaone zomwe ndi mwalamulo 1 mkono anali wofanana ndi masentimita 46,6. Chiwerengerochi ndi ambiri pamene kutchulidwa.

Iwanski chigongono

Pali umboni wina wa zomwe zakhala izi wagawo otchuka kutalika.

Choncho, pakati pa mazana makumi awiri, pa zofukulidwa zinthu zakale zimene zinapezedwa mu mzinda wakale wa Nizhny Novgorod, chinapezeka chidwi kwambiri ndi zimene zakhala zikuchitika ndi zogwirizana ndi mutu wa zinthu. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi ndodo anapanga, ayenera kwa thunthu dzenje la mlombwa ndi makhwatha bwino opukutidwa manja (mfundo imeneyi akutsimikizira kuti iye anali zonse paulendo). A yosalala ndi mwaukhondo kudula m'mphepete ndafotokozera kuti chinthu lili mtundu wapachiyambi. Pambuyo kuona ndi mtima wa zaka lodabwitsa "timitengo", izo anapeza kuti zikhoza kukhala mtundu wa miyeso muyezo ndipo anachita zinthu za zaka XI-XII. Choncho chigongono Utali (wopezeka ndodo waukulu kwambiri kogwirizana kuti iye) anali masentimita 54,7.

A zaka zingapo pyatnadtsatisantimetrovy Chip mfundo yomweyi anapezeka mu dera limodzi zokhudzana, osalephera, kuti patapita nthawi - XIV atumwi. Ngakhale kuwonongeka kwa iwo ngakhale anapulumuka Asilavo akuti "svatogoivanos".

anapezazo amenewa akusonyeza kuti mfundo zimenezi n'cholinga zilipodi, ngati si onse, ndiye matawuni akuluakulu ambiri zigawo. Ndipo ndi mbali ya ulamuliro wa m'litali wa malonda. Motero, akuluakulu enzopangwa kuteteza zofuna za amalonda ndi ogula.

Kodi yaitali: mapazi asanu kapena chigongono?

Mu 1017 wotchuka mmonke wa Kiev-Pechersk Lavra Nestor, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga mbiri koyamba wina mbadwa Russian unit. Ndi mapazi asanu ndi awiri, amatanganidwa lonse Pambuyo chigongono malo. M'litali linali labwino ndipo anatsimikiza mu njira zingapo. The wodziwika ndi ambiri - mtunda pakati pa nsonga zala zake linatha mu madera osiyana manja (ichi fathoms centrifugal). Wina zosinthika ya muyeso wa - kuchokera pamwamba pansi kuchokera phewa msinkhu pansi. Pomaliza, kulongosola diagonally ku chala cha phazi la kumanzere kwa mosavuta dzanja lake lamanja, anauka (oblique mapazi asanu ndi awiri). Mawuwa unapangidwa kuchokera wakale Russian akuti "syagat", adali ndi mtengo wa "momwe inu angafikire kunja dzanja." Zonse izi zoona, zikupereka yankho la funso limene ndi wautali - mapazi asanu kapena chigongono.

Zambiri zambiri mukhonza kuwapeza, atakhala bwino mfundo zotsatirazi. Mu Russia, anawagawira mayina oposa khumi ichi fathoms: wamng'ono, oblique (kapena KOSOV), wapolisi, centrifugal, achifumu, Mason ndi ena. kukula ranged kuchokera 1,34 mita awiri ndi theka kapena kuposerapo. Komanso ndikudziwa nkhani za anapeza mwala ndi lolembedwa Chisilavo. Otchulidwa ake Prince Gleb anayamba kuyeza mtunda mu chigawo, ndi kukonza zotsatira za ntchito muyeso zoyenerera pa kutalika ichi - mapazi asanu ndi awiri. Patapita nthawi yaitali, oyeza, kusanthula mbiri ndi mpumulo pansi, anazindikira kuti pafupifupi ndi wofanana ndi za wina ndi mamita theka. Zimene anapezazi wogwirizana ndi kukula kwa fathoms, yomwe inali kutchulidwa ndi mapulani ku magwero osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi kumanga. Komanso nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito modzipereka si wautali kwambiri.

Choncho, kusanthula ndi kutanthawuzira deta kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti lalikulu muyeso kutalika - sazhen. Chigongono anali ndi dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa wamfupi, choncho yabwino kwa muyeso wa zinthu ang'ono-kakulidwe tsiku ndi tsiku.

Arshin m'malo chigongono

Kuyambira cha m'ma XVI, muyeso wa chigongono pang'ono ndi pang'ono anazimiririka. Ndipo n'zotheka kudziwa zifukwa zingapo zodabwitsazi. Mmodzi wa iwo zokhudzana ndi chakuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVI-XVII linaperekedwa "malonda buku", anaikira amalonda ndi ogulitsa ena. Inayambitsa mu ntchito watsopano chingwe wagawo - mayadi - ndipo anakakonza ake pafupifupi kukula - 71 masentimita iye adatanthauzira ndi kuyeza mtunda kuchokera phewa kuti nsonga ya nkono pakati chala .. Mosiyana ndi zaka zakubadwa Russian "m'zigongono," Mau anali "mlendo." Iwo unadza kwa Russia ku East mu nthawi ya chitukuko yogwira ubale malonda pakati pa maiko awiri. Buku unapatsidwa kwa kutalika kwa kanthu tebulo, imene ubwenzi zotsatirazi mayunitsi zakale ndi zatsopano anapatsidwa: awiri pabwalo ndi mikono itatu. Kwa kanthawi, zinakhalapo m'munda kufanana ndi osiyanasiyana a ntchito. amalonda Russian akadali anadza m'zigongono, yachilendo chomwecho - muyezo. Pang'onopang'ono, yotsirizira ochuluka ntchito. Choyamba anayamba sizitha ake, ndipo zimenezi ngakhale kuti kalekale gulu mfundo zikuluzikulu za muyeso malonda.

Chifukwa china kwagona si onse katundu anagulitsa ndi conveniently chilonda padziko chigongono. meters The kuyeza nsalu yomweyo zinali zambiri yabwino. Komanso, ngakhale masitepe onse m'zigawo, phindu chigongono anali zimasiyana mwa mavenda osiyana. Izi zinachititsa kuti kukula kusakhutira pakati pa anthu. Chifukwa, ndi mapeto a XVII m'ma primordially Russian wagawo - chigongono - ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu pa ntchito. Arshin ankakhalanso Russia m'zaka za m'ma makumi awiri, pamene watsopano, pafupi ndi kayesedwe European dongosolo polima.

Udindo wina wa "kulimbana" ndi Russian "akunja" mayunitsi ankaimba ndi mfundo - otchedwa matabwa wolamulira ndi mwambo womaliza maphunziro chizindikiro iwo. Kuti iwo anayamba kuimba udindo wa bwalo ndi. Siteji yotsatira akusangalala ake mu Russia chikondwerero pa nthawi imene imaoneka ang'ono ndi mamilimita zitsulo correlate ndi gulu latsopano. Ndi kuteteza kuonera makasitomala (aliyense wamalonda poyamba zoyezera mankhwala ake mzere - ingokumbukirani mawu akuti "adzaweruzidwa ndi muyezo wawo"), boma anayambitsa otchedwa "Mkulu muyezo", amene anali pa mapeto a rivets wapadera zitsulo. Mwachibadwa, ngati muyeso kutalika inali yabwino koposa ntchito chigongono.

Monga chiyambi ndi tanthauzo la mawu "pabwalo" kuti siyikuperekedwa momveka bwino. Ena zimachitika maonekedwe ake ndi Turkic "Ari" ( "dziko lapansi"), winayo - ndi Persian "Arche" ( "chigongono"). Komanso, mbali ya chimake koyamba, anapeza kuti pamene muyezo anatha kuzimva kukula kwa sitepe anthu.

adamangidwa folklore

Pafupifupi zaka mazana mu Russia pali dongosolo latsopano kuona kutalika, koma umboni wa ntchito mayunitsi wakale zambiri amapezeka mu ntchito zaluso ndiponso zachikhalidwe. Zikatero, si umboni wokha wa chitukuko mbiri ya anthu ndi dziko lonse, komanso ngati mfundo za makhalidwe abwino amene amapangidwa kwa zaka zambiri.

Mwachitsanzo, odziwika bwino Mwambi: "palokha ndi msomali, ndi ndevu ndi chigongono" amatanthauza munthu ndi maonekedwe inconspicuous, koma ndi ulamuliro kwambiri m'deralo, udachita kudzera maganizo, moyo wawo, kapena udindo chabe zisathe chikhalidwe. The mizu ya kutanthauzira imeneyi inayamba akale Petrine. Kenako zazikulu bwino-anakonzekeretsa ndevu anali kunyada kwa anthu olemekezeka. N'chifukwa chake, pakutayika pa madongosolo a Peter Wamkulu, boyars ndinachita manyazi ndi kunyozedwa. Ndicho woyezera kutalika "chigongono" anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kunyamula, womwe ndi mtengo wake woikidwiratu.

Chitsanzo china. Kuti: "manja cholakwika ndi msomali chigongono" imene mwangwiro limafotokoza nsanje ndi wosirira. Kapena: "Ngati inu munena kwa msomali, ndi retell m'zigongono" - za mphekesera yoipa kuti ali katundu m'malo kufalitsa mwamsanga.

Chigongono m'mayiko ena

Chotero muyeso wa kutalika ntchito osati Russia. Anthu ambiri akhala kuyambira Kale (ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya kuti opareshoni mpaka chiyambi cha m'ma XIX). Monga izo zinaliri kale zotheka kuti atchule mtengo wa chigongono izo zinali zosiyana m'mayiko onsewa. Zotsatirazi miyeso mayiko tebulo kutalika kwa wagawo izi angaperekedwe chitsanzo.

Ngati Russia, apa, nawonso, panali chigongono mitundu: lalikulu, ang'onoang'ono ndipo ngakhale awiri (99-99,6 cm) - Chisumeriya mfumu Gudea wa Lagash, amene opareshoni mu 22 m'ma BC. e. Kawirikawiri amalonda metered iwo nsalu kapena zina zofanana katunduyo.

A chidina zakale kapena yabwino njira mzere?

Mu nthawi yathu, lotha tanthauzo la mawu akuti "chigongono" - muyeso wa m'litali, ndithudi, salinso ntchito, ndi wa chizindikiritso cha mbiri yake ndi zambiri umboni mlingo aluntha chitukuko anthu. Komabe, moyo nthawi zambiri pamakhala nthawi ndi mwachangu kena kuyeza, ndi lotsatira si mzere aliyense, masentimita aliyense otchedwa. Izo zinaliri apo, ndipo inu mukhoza kuthandiza anagawira mu kutali kale miyezo munthu. Zikuthandizaninso mu timene yachiwiri kudziwa phindu la zinthu zing'onozing'ono. Kuti tichite zimenezi, suffices kudziwa Mwachitsanzo, kodi kukula kwa mtunda wa pakati pa chala chachikulu yaitali ndi mkombaphala (ichi wakale Russian inchi) kapena manja wotambasula m'mbali (centrifugal fathoms).

zosavuta kuphunzira ndi ndiye zimene chigongono. Mtunda ku nsonga ya chala chapakati m'zigongono - ndi muyeso umene muli nawo kutalika.