Imene dziko ndi TNCs waukulu?

Trade anayambitsa kalelo. Ndi chitukuko cha anthu pafupifupi chilichonse chasintha, koma, ndithudi, katundu ndi ntchito msika. Ngati kupanga kale zinali zochokera m'gawo ena, tsopano kugula dziko m'mayiko ena omanga mafakitare awo - ndithu chodabwitsa wamba. Zimenezi zikutanthauza (ndi wokangalika), osati maiko a ku Ulaya, komanso ku Russia. Kwenikweni, za dziko limene TNCs waukulu ayankhidwa.

Kodi adzakhale bungweli?

TNK poyamba ndi kampani ndi maudindo kupanga m'mayiko ambiri. Udindo wa mabungwe amenewa mu ndondomeko kudalirana, ndithudi, zoopsa. TNCs akhoza amatumikira monga kampani yopanga, komanso kutumiza inshuwalansi ndi auditing. Komanso, apa monga mabanki a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi ndalama penshioni.

bajeti, omwe ena mwa TNCs waukulu kwambiri kotero kuti alumphe mkhalidwe wachuma wa mayiko ena. Mwachitsanzo, ukonde pachaka phindu la General Zamagetsi Corporation ndi pang'ono kuposa $ 13 biliyoni, zomwe ndi pafupifupi nthawi 34 kuposa ndalama pachaka Andorra lili ndi anthu anthu 85,4 zikwi, kapena pang'ono zosakwana GDP la Iceland cha 2015. Komanso, makampani mbali yofunika kwambiri mu sayansi, gawo TNCs mlandu pafupifupi 80% ya kafukufuku ntchito ndalama okwanira ndi za nambalayi wa eni luso m'kaundula.

M'mayiko osiyanasiyana: chifukwa internationalism?

Zikamera a mabungwe transnational mu malo oyamba, inamangidwa pa n'zotheka kupeza phindu. Ikufotokoza chilengedwe cha ulimi padziko lonse. Chifukwa kukhalapo kwa zomera mafakitale m'gawo la dziko lina, inu angapulumutse zambiri:

• pa mtengo wa zachilengedwe (ngati dziko limene mwini a mitundu yosiyanasiyana bungwe si wotetezedwa mtundu mokwanira ena a zipangizo, yomanga wocheperapo angathetse vutoli m'gawo wina);
• m'dera msonkho (chifukwa kusiyana mawu zachuma zina mtengo yopanga patsogolo, titero "osati kunyumba");
• malipiro ogwira ntchito (ngati Mwachitsanzo, Germany ndi ku America amayamikira ntchito yawo si mkulu, mbadwa womwewo wa Mexico amavomereza kuti ntchito ndalama zochepa).

Grounds kwa mabungwe mayiko kwakukulu. Ndi mfundo izi akugwira TNCs waukulu.

Mitundu ya mabungwe transnational

Pali mitundu itatu ya TNCs: International, anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana komanso padziko lonse kampani.

Yoyamba ndi bungweli kuti amalenga nthambi zake m'mayiko ena, koma zinthu izi structural anasiyanitsidwa. Ndiko kuti, ndi kupanga awo ndi kafukufuku. Komabe, patsogolo mtheradi ndi kampani makolo amagwiritsa.

Mtundu wachiwiri akutumikira monga kugwirizana pakati makampani dziko padziko lonse. Kwenikweni, zimenezi kwakukulukulu anafotokoza zimene TNCs. Kampani mu MNC, zimadalira pogwira ntchito iliyonse.

Mtundu wachitatu ankayimiridwa ngati khalidwe la TNCs waukulu. Pofuna chimake ichi, bungwe kapena amapereka kapangidwe patenti kupanga, pamodzi ndi mayiko ena, kapena zinthu kubala la mankhwala, ndipo khamu kale chinkhoswe mu mbewu zina. Kuyambira ndi 80, mitundu ndi yamphamvu. The TNCs waukulu akadali kutsatira dongosolo anapatsidwa.

TNK limagwirira ulamuliro

Waukulu kasamalidwe makampani ndi lotsutsa mumaganiza awiri chimake: ndi centralization siyana.

Njira yoyamba ndi chilakolako cha TNCs ku chilengedwe cha pakati limodzi. Ziyenera kukhala m'dziko limene limabweretsa Corporation. Ena dipatimenti ankachita zinthu zawo zokha ndi chilolezo cha kampani kholo.

Yachiwiri limakupatsani kusankha. malo Administrative unakhazikitsidwa mu nthambi iliyonse. Bulanchi, monga ulamuliro, mokwanira palokha nthambi zina za bungweli.

Magwero ogwira ntchito za mabungwe transnational

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a TNCs waukulu ubwino umene wosatsutsika, izi: kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo ochokera m'mayiko ena, komanso mphamvu zake chuma, limakupatsani patsogolo, kugwila kapena kusunga msika. Komanso, ntchito zothandiza chifukwa cha moyandikana ogula yachilendo. Kudziwa kuchititsa mayesero kafukufuku ndi zotsatira zake ndi zabwino kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mabungwe transnational.

Komanso mfundo izi za makhalidwe poyerekeza wa TNCs waukulu izo momveka kuti ntchito m'mayiko ambiri pa nthawi yomweyo kuthandiza kupititsa patsogolo mpikisano ndi bwino ubale ndi mayiko okondedwa.

Ziwerengero pa chuma yachilendo

M'madera chachikulu cha ntchito za thupi apano - ndi zamagetsi, magalimoto, migodi ndiponso pokonza wa mafuta. The TNCs waukulu zambiri kusunga zinthu sanali pachimake ncholinga mtendere wa dziko msika. Mu malo oyamba mu mawu a chuma yachilendo kudzipatula zotsatirazi mabungwe:

• "General Zamagetsi". Dziko - United States, mtundu wa ntchito - zamagetsi. Chiwerengero cha chuma achilendo ndi 30%.
• "Royal Dutch Nkhono". Dziko - Netherlands - United Kingdom, utakhala - makampani mafuta. The gawo la chuma yachilendo - 66%.
• "Ford." Dziko - United States, mtundu wa ntchito - Automotive. The gawo la chuma yachilendo - 30%.

Komanso makampani ali pali zambiri TNK ntchito njira ya chitukuko cha kukwaniritsa zisathe.

mndandanda wa mabungwe

An chizindikiro zofunika za kupambana kampani mu msika lonse ndi kufunika kwa malonda anazindikira m'gawo la maiko ena. The TNCs waukulu mndandanda umene walembedwa m'munsimu wakhala kusanthula mfundo imeneyi. Komanso, kuwonjezera pa mtundu wa ntchito ndi dziko la mwini, zinthu m'gulu la ndalama ndi mabungwe:

1. Walmart (ritelo gawo, US) - 482,130.
2. State gululi Corporation of China (magetsi, China) - 329,601.
3. China National mafuta (mafuta ndi gasi gawo, China) - 299,271.
4. Sinopec Groupe (petrochemical mafakitale China) - 294,344.
5. Royal Dutch Nkhono (mafuta ndi gasi gawo, ndi Netherlands - United Kingdom) - 272,156.

Izi si TNCs onse. Koma ngati 2016, makampani amenewa amapanga pamwamba asanu.

TNK ku Russia

Popeza mapeto a XIX m'ma Russia anayesetsa kuti agwirizane ntchito za mabungwe transnational mu dziko. Koma deceleration zonse chifukwa kusintha ndi kusintha kwa ndale saloledwa kuchita mnjira kwathunthu. Ndi chifukwa chake masiku ano m'dziko lolamuliridwa ndi mautumiki ndi mankhwala a makampani akunja. Only ndi posachedwapa, Russia ankachita nawo chilengedwe cha zawo magulu zachuma mafakitale (nkhuyu), amene ali ofanana kwambiri kwa TNC.

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a yaikulu TNCs dziko kokha pa mapeto a XX m'ma kudzadza ndi nthumwi Russian, ndicho cha 1996 mlingo lofalitsidwa ndi Financial Times, anapereka kampani "Gazprom".

Pa nthawi, kukula kwa mabungwe Russian msanga kuposa mayiko ena. Kwa Kukwezeleza bwino kwambiri mu dziko msika Russia ayenera kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa kusintha mwini magulu awo a zachuma komanso mafakitale, pamodzi ndi maiko wochezeka.