Intentionality - ndi chiyani ichi? Zamoyo ndi maganizo ndi kufunika

Ngakhale, anthu akale anali ndi chidwi mafunso pa zimene imalimbikitsa anthu mu ntchito zochitika zina. Chifukwa munthu akuletsa ake ndiponso mmene akumvera pa chinthu chilichonse, ndi zina - pa zosiyana kwambiri. M'masiku amenewo anthu ankaganiza kuti izo zangokhala masoka zotengera malingaliridwe zokonda za munthu, psyche wake chifukwa cha chipangizo.

Kenako, pakhala Mabaibulo angapo, omwe anakhala maziko a chinthu monga intentionality. Ndi Latin (intentio) amatanthauza kufunitsitsa, kapena malangizo. The chodabwitsa cha chikumbumtima anthu amaphunzira ndi zamaganizo, Afilosofi ndi akatswiri a zinenero m'masiku athu.

Lingaliro la phindu

Intentionality nthanthi - ndi chiyembekezo zonse za kutsitsimuka kwa dziko ndi zinthu, mmenemo ndi view kumvetsa ndi kuwapatsa tanthauzo. Mu nthawi ya scholasticism akale Mwachitsanzo, panali kusiyana pakati pa weniweni ndi chinthu kungoganiza.

Intentionality chikugwirabe - chodabwitsa maganizo amene amathandiza munthu kupeza ubale pakati pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za dziko lapansi, ndi wogwila kungoganiza, kupanga zosiyanasiyana zambiri za maganizo a zenizeni. Pankhani iliyonse ndi osamvetseka kwa akonzedwa yakeyake Ziwerengero kwa zinthu ozungulira ndi zochitika, koma pali zinthu wamba ndi anthu onse - maganizo, malingaliro, kuzindikira ndi kusanthula.

Kusiyana maganizo uliwonse kwa chinthu chomwecho, koma lili ndi zinthu wamba - ndi kuphunzira kwake, osati zinachitikira izo. Timatha ululu Mwachitsanzo, zenizeni ndi bwino kuti munthu amene akuvutika izo. Ndi chimodzimodzi ndi chinthu nzeru lilibe tanthauzo ndipo sayambitsa mtima.

Anthanthi idealist wa intentionality - ndi chuma cha malingaliro a munthu kulenga dziko lawo wodzazidwa ndi zinthu ndi zochitika imene akupereka tanthauzo ndi phindu. Pankhaniyi, palibe kusiyana pakati pa weniweni zenizeni zongopeka.

Mu nzeru analytic ndi phenomenology chiphunzitso intentionality - ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zofunika kwambiri. Zikomo kuti ubwenzi wake wapadera anakhazikitsa maganizo, chinenero ndi dziko. Kuyangana chinthu amagwirizana ndi cizindikilo zinenero malo kwenikweni, ndipo nthawi zina. phunziro cholinga cha phunziro limodzi ndi luso sitingalephere kuona katundu ndi ubale ndi dziko, ingakhalenso chabe mchitidwe wa amalingalira.

Dominik Perler

Izi odziwika bwino nzeru zapamwamba m'pamabuku Switzerland anabadwa March 17, 1965. Monga pulofesa ndi mphunzitsi wa nzeru ongolankhula pa University of Berlin, iye anakhala zodziwika mdziko lonse monga wolemba Dominik Perler. "Chiphunzitso chakuti intentionality mu Ages Middle" - ntchito yake lofunika pa chitukuko cha nzeru kwa 1250 ga 1330.

Atafufuza ntchito nthawi, anthu monga Foma Akvinsky, Peter Ioann Olivi, Duns Scott, Petr Avreol ndi Occam, Perler anakonza intentionality 5 mitundu:

• ofunda mtundu adzadziwire anali anafuulira Aquinas, amene ankakhulupirira kuti intentionality - njira imeneyi akuti pogwiritsa ntchito nzeru zimene zimathandiza chiphunzitso chinthu chokha kudzera poyerekeza ake ndi zinthu zofanana kapena limodzi kuti katundu wawo. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo "ayi" amatanthauza kupuma, kuyenda ndi kuchita phunziro, pansi gulu limene munthu afika, ndi nyama.

• cholinga yogwira luso chidziwitso cha mtundu mungathe Peter Ioann Olivi, ndi Francis mmonke amene ankakhala zaka 1248-1298. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti m'kati cognition wa chinthu, kuti sikumangotikhudza wophunzira wa phunziro lake. Ndiko kuti, kuyang'ana pa kuphunzira chinthu kapena chodabwitsa angathe kuwonjezera nzeru za anthu za izo.
• Mtundu dala chinthu Duns Scotus, ndi mapulogalamu yoyamba cholinga lingaliro anali kugwirizana ndi chikumbumtima zochokera kuphunzira nkhani kapena nzeru zake. Pankhaniyi, kuli zinthu zenizeni kupeza chimakhala ndi mbali yake ndipo mtima "iye".
• Lembani pamaso dala Petra Avreola amatanthauza kuchitako, monga cholinga kuchita mchitidwewo. Mwachitsanzo, tchimo - ndi cholinga cha moyo.
• Mtundu zachilengedwe chizindikiro Occam zikutanthauza kuti zinthu achilendo tanthauzo chifukwa chakuti kulibe.

Choncho, Perler ( "amanena za intentionality mu Ages Middle") ndi mfundo alinso ndi zitsanzo 5, omwe ali achilendo maganizo yake pa kuzindikira za chithunzi dziko ndi zinthu zake membala ndi zochitika. Kuti lingaliro nthanthi ya anamatetule wakale anali maziko a mtsutso ano sayansi.

Franz Brentano

Ikani patsogolo chiphunzitso cha intentionality mu Ages Middle anakhala chinthu kuphunzira mibadwo ya m'tsogolo ya asayansi. Choncho, Franz Brentano, Austria maganizo ndiponso nzeru zapamwamba (anabadwa mu 1838-m, ndipo anamwalira mu 1917), monga wansembe wa Katolika mu 1872, anasiya mpingo chifukwa cha mutu wa pulofesa wa nzeru. Posachedwapa, iye anali anachotsedwa kwa worldview wake, ndipo mu 1880 mosatsata mutu sayansi.

Maziko a nzeru za Brentano kulekana bwino zochitika pa thupi ndi m'maganizo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti Mlandu intentionality kwenikweni ayi, pamene lachiwiri - kutsitsimuka uyu, amene nthawi zonse mutu. Zikuyenera kuchita ndi zinthu, kaya ndi weniweni kapena ayi. Kuyambira mfundo zake zina kusanduka azimuth izi mu sayansi, phenomenology.

Atafufuza ake, Brentano anayamba chiphunzitso cha choonadi. Mwachitsanzo, iye ankakhulupirira kuti kumasulira kwa zinthu za chikumbumtima limapezeka pa mbali zitatu:

• Maganizo, onse kunja, kupyolera mu mphamvu, ndi m'kati, mlingo maganizo.
• Flashback - nzeru zotengera malingaliridwe a katundu nkhani.
• Axiom - zambiri analandira nzeru za chinthu.

Popeza kuti mfundo imeneyi, Brentano anena kuti, phunziro ndi choonadi nzeru mumtima wa nkhaniyi, pamene lakunja ndi maganizo ambiri akhoza kufunsidwa. chiphunzitso chake cha intentionality anapitiriza ndipo anayamba ndi Edmund Husserl. Anakapezeka nkhani Brentano ku Vienna mu nthawi kuchokera 1884 mpaka zaka 1886.

dala maganizo

Brentano kamodzi "anabwereka" lingaliro la malangizo a kuganiza zinthu mu Aristotle ndi scholastics akale, amene analemba Perler ( "amanena za intentionality"). Iye ankakhulupirira kuti ndi maganizo zotengera malingaliridwe kwa nkhani, kaya kulibe kwenikweni kapena ayi. Kotero, iye analemba kuti palibe chikhulupiriro chopanda chinthu, mu chikhulupiriro, chiyembekezo popanda zimenezo, chiyembekezo ndi chimwemwe chifukwa maitanidwe ake.

Kutenga okhulupirira Brentano ya "intentionality", Husserl lidaupereka tanthauzo iye akuti izi si zogwirizana chinthu ndi cholinga pa malingaliro ake (maganizo).

Phenomenology - sayansi ya zinthu ndi zochitika anaphunzira empirically. Husserl, woyambitsa, ankakhulupirira kuti munthu view wathunthu wa chinthu zitha analengedwa zambiri, mabuku ndiponso mobwerezabwereza phunziro. Zinali iye amene anayambitsa mfundo kuti intentionality nzeru za anthu, ndi ubale wa chikumbumtima ndi kukumbukira.

Malinga ndi iye, cholinga cha lili ndi zinthu zimene bungwe gawo la kukumbukira kuti ndi udindo zosonkhanitsira deta za chinthu kudzera maganizo ndi Chili iwo mu coherent lonse. Kuti ndi phunziro la monga kulibe mpaka chinali chochitika amalingalira.

kugwirizana eidetic

Husserl ankakhulupirira kuti mtima (maganizo) ndi thupi udindo cognition. Pa chochitika mtima musonyeza kutsitsimuka kwa chinthu kuchititsa Alamu. Mu njira iyi, amaphatikiza intentionality kutsitsimuka. Husserl analozera kuti yekha malangizo ndi cholinga chifukwa kapena kupeza chinthu chenicheni (Eidos dziko). Izi amalenga ubale eidetic zinachititsa kuti chodabwitsa maganizo anapanga m'maganizo.

Iye anapanga kusiyana pakati pa zochitika za mlingo wa maganizo ndi thupi, ndi sizigwirizana ndi chodabwitsa cha chikumbumtima, kapena kuti zinthu zimene akufuna mu dziko lenileni. Mwachitsanzo, achinyamata anali pa konsati thanthwe.

Anthu ena kuzindikira mtundu uwu music, ena - palibe. Ndiko kuti, wina anatuluka cholinga cha manyazi, amene anakhala naye pa maganizo a phokoso, motero kulenga ubwenzi eidetic. Yankho kwa anthu pofuna chikumbumtima anayamba kubwera ku konsati.

Cholinga zina sanali kupangidwa, kuyambira chikumbumtima ndi kukhazikitsidwa kufufuza nyimbo zina. Pakali pano, gulu anapitiriza kusewera kupanga Eidos ntchito kwa phokoso ake constituent.

dala chikumbumtima

Ngati intentionality akale za akatswiri - katundu wa chinthu, ndi Brentano - njira maganizo chibadidwe phunziro, ndiye Husserl zogwirizana lingaliro ili ndi chikumbumtima yokha.

Iye anakhulupirira kuti cholinga - ndi kulikonse maganizo, nthawi zonse aiming, ndi chuma chake. Kaya chinthu chenicheni cha chikumbumtima kapena ayi, njira iliyonse maganizo nthawi zonse amalandira iye ndi kumumanga.

Pakuti Brentano intentionality kumachititsanso zochita maganizo, chimene chinthu cognizable adzatenge linakhalapo immanent, kuti si kupitirira malire a chochitika ichi (kuphunzira). Mosiyana ndi mphunzitsi wake, Husserl sakunena za nkhani imene kuganizira chikumbumtima, koma zochita dala kuti akhazikitse nkhani zake. The kwambiri kuli chinthu kachiwiri.

Pamene anayamba maganizo "intentionality chikugwirabe", Husserl anawonjezera ntchito yake, osatembenukira ku analytics mabuku. Cholinga cha nzeru yake osati yodziwika ndi maganizo a anthu, komanso mphamvu, chifukwa chimene akuchita podziwa nkhaniyi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene akuphunzira zochita ongolankhula chikugwirabe, anaika zinthu zatsopano za sayansi.

Kusanthula ntchito dala maganizo, inu mukhoza kuona zikamera wa maganizo ndi zolinga za dongosolo lawo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo akhoza kukhala ndi maziko enieni, anatsimikizira ndi mphamvu zisanu, komanso maziko auzimu. Ndi mzimu ndipamene chinthu ndi akuupereka kutanthauza. ndi "mkhalapakati" imene Husserl anapereka tanthauzo la "noema" pakati pa iye ndi maganizo.

Noam zimadalira pa chinthu, kotero maganizo akhoza mopepuka kuli chinthu kapena chodabwitsa, zomwe zochitika zenizeni Sangathe kukhala. Zilibe kanthu ngati zofunika pa ndondomeko zawo zikuchitika mu ubongo wa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene wadzipereka kuti iye ali ndi matenda aakulu chifukwa ali twinge m'nthiti mwake akhoza kupanga izo zenizeni, ngati nthawi zonse moganizira kapena kuyembekezera kuona zizindikiro zonse.

eidoses chizindikiritso

Nthawi zonse Anzeruwo chidwi funso mmene kudziwa akamanena za zinthu. Lero, ndondomeko iyi akutchedwa njira ya kuchepetsa phenomenological. Bukuli lili chizimbwizimbwi, kutsegula chikumbumtima choyera, kupitirira ndilo dziko lonse.

Njira imeneyi inali ntchito kale Husserl wa St. Augustine (354-430 gg.) Ndipo Mnazareti Dekart (1596-1650 gg.). Iwo anakopeka mfundo imene chikumbumtima choyera amatsegula tanthauzo la Eidos. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, phenomenological sayansi amapereka mitundu 2 chizimbwizimbwi:

• Chinthu choyamba kuganizira osati onse a dziko kunja ndi nzeru zake kapena maganizo za chinthu akuphunziridwa. Mawu, wotchedwa nkhani ndi katundu kuti "zimachitika", analembedwa mu malingaliro. Pamwamba m'pofunika kuuka kugonjetsa. Ndi njira imeneyi, munthu adzakhala kuchotsedwa chinthu ngati kulibe ndipo ankadziwa eidos ake. Dongosololi ayenera saletsa ndi chizolowezi, tsiku ndi tsiku, chipembedzo, sayansi kapena m'nthano choonadi chonena za iyeyo ndi analetsa chiweruzo. Komanso, zilibe chenicheni cha chinthu.
• Malinga ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa chikumbu kupitirira "mapeto" si dziko lokha kunja, koma "Ine" mutu monga mbali ya zenizeni limene akukhala. Choncho, utsalira chikumbumtima choyera mwamtheradi kudziko lina adzakhala chomveka ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zake - moyo. Choncho pali chidziwitso cha akamanena za chinthu akuphunziridwa, ndi, popanda kulolerana wa ubale kwa iye.

chidziwitso chonse kuti alipo pa phunziro, zichokera kwa chikumbumtima ndi kupanga kafotokozedwe chonse cha khalidwe chabe la katundu wake.

Kapangidwe zofunika za chikumbumtima

mavuto Development wa intentionality cha chikumbumtima ndi ngongole kwa Husserl, amene analenga njira kupeza zimene zimapanga zochitika. Kotero, iye ananena kuti:

• Phinduza maganizo mkati, imene chikumbumtima, anatembenuka yokha, kwathunthu renounces chiweruzo ndi amaphunzira kuchokera luso lanu yamunthu, koma kuchokera kunja.
• Gwiritsani chidwi si woweruza. Zimenezi zimathandiza kukana kuti dziko kunja maganizo kulibe, limene palokha ndi kale akufunazo ndipo kumatha wazotsatira "Ine".
• Phatikizani danga la chikumbumtima choyera mutu umene wayamba kuchotsa onse akunja ndi zinachitikira ake ndi chidziwitso cha dziko. Mmenemonso pali mitundu amene alibe zili chabe.
• Kupewa kukhulupirira choonadi cha dziko ndi kuyang'ana ilo alibe Eidos. Pankhaniyi, umunthu wake akuwonetseredwa mu phunziro, monga chodabwitsa ndi chinachake mtheradi.

Kukhala nzeru zake, Husserl anayesa kupeza subjectivity choyera, n'zotheka kupeza zotsatira ndi mfundo mwachikulu wapatali.

Kodi kwenikweni mkati

Intentionality mu zilankhulo amatanthauza malangizo a kutsitsimuka pa chinthu. Kodi zilidi mwake pa ndondomeko ya cognition, izo momveka bwino nthanthi mfundo Husserl.

Mawu akuti "oyera chikumbumtima" amatanthauza kulibe, kupanda zonse, ali ndi tanthauzo lofanana ndi "malo opanda kanthu"? Mwamwayi, izo konse kumoyo ndipo sangathe kudzazidwa ndi zinthu zonse, monga zingalowe m'malo. Ubongo - nthawizonse fano la chinachake.

Ngakhale ngati kumasula izo kwa zenizeni kunja, izo sichitha kuwonetsera izo ndi kuchotsa dziko lakunja la lamkati. Ndipotu, izo sizingakhale mkati, chifukwa ili kunja kwa iye yekha. Ngakhale ngati munthu amizidwe ndi chizimbwizimbwi pansi kwambiri chikugwirabe wake Umasiya kukhala ndi "kutaya" izo kachiwiri kwa zinthu.

Phenomenology ngati njira kuona dziko

Mwamwayi pa chitukuko cha munda wa sayansi, intentionality si maganizo (maganizo, nzeru), komanso zigawo zake payekha, ngati zokhumba zake, maganizo, yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale, ndi ena.

Malinga Husserl, amaonera - nthaŵi zonse pozindikira chinachake Mwachitsanzo, phunziro, pamene chiweruzo - ndi kumvetsa wokhutira. Ubongo ndi maziko, mkati limene anapanga ndi kulenga mitundu yonse ya zochita za anthu.

Kuchokera pa ichi, maganizo ndi mlengi wa zonse padziko, inu simungathe kugawaniza kapena kuphwanya umphumphu wake. N'zosatheka kuyesa kufotokoza kapena "anatumizidwa" kwa iye lingaliro. Malinga ndi mfundo Husserl wa chodabwitsa cha chikumbumtima ndi kuti sasowa, ndipo ndi amene atsegula kuli anthu.