"The nzeru za Khristu" Erasmus: Kuweta Maganizo

Chiphunzitso cha Erasmus ndi chitsanzo otchedwa umunthu kupitirira Alps. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti mawu akuti "Kubadwa Kwatsopano" akhoza zimachitika Kumpoto kwa Ulaya kokha ndi digiri lalikulu la conditionality. Mulimonsemo, kukuchititsa zimenezi sanali ofanana kwambiri ku Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Humanists a Kumpoto kwa Ulaya sanayese kwambiri kutsitsimutsa miyambo ya Kale, koma kumvetsa Chikristu. Nthawi zambiri zosinthira anaphunzira si Plato ndi Aristotle, koma Baibulo. Choncho, "kupitirira Alps Kubadwa Kwatsopano," Mbali khalidwe la chodabwitsa china - Kukonzanso. Koma ambiri a anthu a kumpoto Kubadwa Kwatsopano (monga, mwa chitsanzo, zaumunthu Erazm Rotterdamsky), kwa kutsutsa onse a Roma Katolika, si chinthu msasa Chiprotestanti. Komanso, iwo ankafuna kusintha chipembedzo kumene anali, koma kusiyiratu izo Mtsikana wotere iwo. Erasmus amadziwika monga mlengi wa dongosolo latsopano zamulungu, pamene iye anayesera kuti ayankhe funso la kodi kukhala choyenera anthu kwa Mulungu, ndi zimene malo zonsezi zidzachitika makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe abwino.

Amene anali Erazm Rotterdamsky

Mwachidule za munthu uyu zapadera, mukhoza kunena izi. Iye anali mwana wapathengo wa wansembe ndi mwana dokotala, iye anabadwa mu mzinda wa Rotterdam pansi pa dzina la Gouda. Choncho dzina lake, monga mmene anthu ankachitira masiku amenewo. Otchedwa anthu auzimu, makamaka Chimonko - dzina ndi malo a kubadwa. Popeza kuti makolo ake anamwalira oyambirira, Atetezi nakopa mnyamata kutenga chophimba. Koma chifukwa sanali bwino, nkovuta mmonke anapatsidwa kwa nzeru zapamwamba m'tsogolo. Tisanayambe zowinda ankadziwa ndi upamwamba wakale, amene anapha zapamwamba wake. Education anamuthandiza kusintha moyo wake nkhani. Mmodzi mwa mabishopu ankafunika Mlembi-Latinist. Erasmus akanakhoza kutenga malo ichi mothandizidwa ndi bwana wake kusiya moyo wokonda moyo wodzimana. Komabe, iye nthawi zonse anali yachipembedzo kwambiri. Erasmus ulendo. Iye anali ndi mwayi kuphunzira pa Sorbonne. Apo iye kunamizira kuphunzira zamulungu, koma kwenikweni anaphunzira Latin mabuku. Erazm Rotterdamsky akulakalaka kuphunzira Baibulo. Koma ichi kunali kofunika kuphunzira chinenero cha Chigiriki. Izi nzeru zapamwamba tsogolo chinkhoswe kwambiri. Iye anapita England, komwe anakapeza Thomas More, ndi nthabwala ndi mawu olimbikitsa za pali miyambo.

Yambani ntchito

Views Erasmus anayamba kupanga Oxford. Kumeneko anakumana ndi admirers ya zakale, amene kumukokera ku bwalo lake. Pamene zikwi mazana asanu, wasayansi tsogolo wabwerera ku Paris, chinthu choyamba chimene ine anatulutsa buku pa aphorisms Greek ndi Latin. Iye kenako anapita kupyola Mabaibulo angapo. Moyo asayansi analandira kutsogolera latsopano. Tsopano zolinga ziwiri Erasmus kumeneko - kuti popularize Olemba akale kunyumba ndi kufalitsa lemba ovomerezeka a Chipangano Chatsopano, amene anawamasulira kuchokera Greek. Theology sanali waukulu chizolowezi kavalo wake. Chiphunzitso cha Erasmus chinali kani makhalidwe ndi nzeru za anthu. Iye anagwira ntchito kwambiri kuti anthu a m'nthawi sankadziwa mmene munthu mmodzi akhoza kulemba kwambiri. Iwo amalenga ntchito ya sayansi, utolankhani otchuka, ndi mazana a Mabaibulo ku Latin mipukutu Greek. kalata yake kwa abwenzi kunangotsala zikwi ziwiri.

Kulemba ntchito yaikulu

Atamaliza maphunziro ake pa Sorbonne, Erasmus anakakamizika kukhala moyo mu zochitika straitened. Iye zambiri amayendera Paris ku Netherlands ndi kumbuyo, tikukhala mu Leuven, Orleans, kuphunzira phunziro la Greek. Izo zinali mu zaka izi, Erazm Rotterdamsky analemba "Zida za wankhondo Mkhristu." Bukuli linali maziko a ziphunzitso zake, ngakhale kutchuka kwa nzeru zapamwamba anabweretsa ntchito ina. , Iye ankawoneka yachiwiri yaikulu zolinga za Italy Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Ganizo chachikulu cha ntchito iyi ndi kuti muuni wa Chikhristu kuti chikugwirizana ndi zomwe a masiku amakedzana. Mu 1506 anapita ku Italy, komwe anakhala zaka zitatu. Apa wamaliza kuti digiri, kukaona Venice ndi Rome. Mu 1509, Erasmus kachiwiri ku England, kumene iye anaitanidwa ndi Tomás akuti mor, amene panthawiyo anali Chancellor wa Mfumu Henry VIII. Otsiriza, pamene anali kalonga, nayenso, anali kucheza ndi nzeru zapamwamba ndiponso wake chilemekezedwa koposa. Ena nthawi ngwazi za nkhani yathu waphunzitsa pa Cambridge. Mu England, Erasmus adalemba ntchito wotchuka kwambiri - ndi ankasewera "Mayamiko Utsiru", amene anachokera anthu ngati wasayansi bulu ndi chisudzo wanzeru. Bukuli linasindikizidwa ku Paris mu 1511, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo wolemba wake wakhala nyenyezi yeniyeni ya ndiye Europe.

"Basel kudzipatula"

admirer ina ya Erasmus korona - Mfumu Charles wachisanu - anamuika kukhala mlangizi wake ndi malipiro abwino, ndi kupanda udindo. Izi zinathandiza kuti nzeru zapamwamba kwathunthu kwa utakhala amalikonda ndi kuyenda. Patapita zaka zingapo anatha kuzindikira maloto wake wokondedwa. Mu Basel, pakubwera chipatso cha zaka zambiri za ntchito - m'Chigiriki Uthenga. Komabe, akatswiri a Baibulo kuti kope lilinso ndi zolakwika, komabe zinali maziko liwunikidwenso yapadera ya Chipangano Chatsopano. Kuyambira pamenepo, kwambiri mabuku olembedwa Erazm Rotterdamsky. Kuthi pa nthawi - ziri makamaka Mabaibulo. Plutarch ndi Seneca, Cicero ndi Ovidi, Origen ndi Ambrose, alakatuli wakale, olemba mbiri ndi Fathers of the Church - ndi inu nonse dzina izo. Ngakhale Erasmus zonse anayenda pakati Switzerland, Freiburg ndi Besancon, icho chinali kutchedwa "Basel kudzipatula." Ngakhale kale pa nthawi imene anayamba kudwala matenda ndiribe chinkamulepheretsa potenga gawo kutsutsana zosiyanasiyana aluntha m'nthawi yake. Mwachitsanzo, Erazm Rotterdamsky kukangana mwaukali ndi Luther. Buku "Basel kudzipatula" "Ufulu wakusankha" wokonzanso wotchuka ananena ntchito "Ukapolo." Palibe mmodzi wa iwo sanagwirizane ndi ndemanga pa. Ntchito ya Erasmus Basel nyengo - izo alinso Mfundo pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Izi kumveketsa philological mmene molondola azigamula Greek ndi mawu Latin, ndi maganizo pedagogical za maphunziro lamanja la olamulira, ndi nkhani za dziko wosatha, ndi kufunafuna umodzi wa Mpingo, ndipo ngakhale nkhani New Testament mwachisawawa olembedwa mofotokozera. The zochitika wamagazi wa Kukonzanso mantha ndi amaipidwa iye, koma iye sanasinthe maganizo ake, nthaŵi zonse pakati pa magulu awiriwa otsutsa. Erazm Rotterdamsky anafa 1536, mu Basel chomwecho.

zaumunthu

Azambiriyakale kusiyanitsa mibadwo awiri German ndipo Anglo-Dutch Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Erazm Rotterdamsky a wamng'ono wa iwo. kwawo kwenikweni sanali Holland, osati France ndi Germany, ndi amakedzana amakonda. ngwazi iye ankadziwa ubwenzi wapadera ndi anzake. Umunthu Erasmus akuwonetseredwa mu choona kuti iye ntchito sayansi, mabuku ndi kusindikiza apereke zimakhudza isanachitikepo pa malingaliro a anthu. Naye pa ubwenzi anatchuka mofanana mphamvu kuti akhale ndi ambiri a mzinda anam'patsa malipiro okhazikika okha chakuti iye kumeneko. Kwa iye malangizo - mmene m'munda wa nzeru ndi ndale - kutembenukira mafumu, akalonga ndi anthu chabe ophunzira. Latin ndi mabuku akale , iye anadziwa, mwina kuposa wina aliyense mu Europe pa nthawi imeneyo, maganizo ake pa momwe kutchula phokoso ena m'Chigiriki, wakhala mayunivesite kutsogolera.

Zamakhalidwe, satirist, nzeru zapamwamba

ntchito ya Erasmus wa Rotterdam, zimene zinabweretsa iye kutchuka kuposa kale lonse komanso kutchuka lonse, zinalembedwa ndi iye, mu mawu ake, "palibe chabwino kuchita." Mwachitsanzo, "Mayamiko Utsiru" yekha pa moyo wake lasindikizidwa za nthawi makumi anai. Izi Zotengera wokhutitsidwa ndi ena magawo amvekere anali mokondwera ndi zabwino - si ankadzudzula ndipo alibe afooketse maziko. Choncho, ndipo anali ndi kupambana akuluakulu. Koma mlembi wa kufunika kwambiri linali lofika mabuku ake pa pedagogy, makamaka maphunziro a akalonga Mkhristu ndi kuphunzitsa ana zinenero. Pamwamba pa kufunafuna kwake, iye ankaona chipembedzo ndi maphunziro ntchito. Iye anamutcha iye "nzeru za Khristu". Chikhazikitso cha iye anauika Oxford. Kumeneko, pamodzi ndi anthu ena a ku bwalo la okonda amakedzana poyamba anakonza maziko a anthu Mkhristu anali Erazm Rotterdamsky. Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso ichi, ananenera mu mmodzi mwa mabuku oyamba.

"Zigawenga za wankhondo Mkhristu"

Kodi Erasmus analemba ubwana wake, iye anatumikila monga nyenyezi lotsogolera la moyo kwa iye. M'bukuli mutu komanso ali ndi tanthauzo lakuya. fanizo limeneli kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza zinthu zamoyo wa wokhulupirira weniweni. Izo ziyenera tsiku lililonse kuti apite ku nkhondo, kulimbana kwa makhalidwe awo, kutsutsa machimo ndi mayesero. Chifukwa chaichi m'pofunika wosalira Chikhristu, ndi bwino kuti aliyense. Free izo kwa zovala zolemera ankaonetsetsa kuti kubisa chofunikira. Tiyenera kuti tibwererenso kuti mfundo ya Akhristu oyambirira, kumvetsa zimene akukhulupirira anthu amene analenga dera woyamba. Muyenera kutsatira malamulo okhwima makhalidwe amene adzatsogolera moyo wangwiro ndi kuthandiza ena. Ndipo potsiriza, tiyenera kutsanzira Khristu yekha, kuti athe kukhazikitsa mfundo ndi malamulo a m'Malemba. Ndipo zimenezi m'pofunika molondola kumvetsa ndi kumasulira Uthenga Wabwino, chimene anabweretsa Mpulumutsi, mu kuphweka zake zonse, popanda chinyengo ankaonetsetsa ndipo mopitirira muyeso. Izi ndi nzeru za Khristu.

Latsopano zamulungu Erasmus

Zanenedwa kuti ndi wakhama kwambiri wolemba wasiya nambala yaikulu essays, Mfundo ndi mabuku kwa nthawi yaitali lililonse ophunzira European, makamaka wa m'banja lachifumu, wophunzitsidwa pa iye. Ndipotu, chitsanzo kwa anthu onse yotukuka chi inasanduka Erazm Rotterdamsky. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za kafukufuku zamulungu analinso phunziro la ndi kusirira. Ndi chidwi a m'nthawi kuti nzeru zapamwamba sanagwiritse ntchito njira za makolo za maphunzira auzimu. Komanso mwamphamvu kunyozedwa scholasticism akadali "Mayamiko Utsiru". Ndi ntchito zina, iye sanadandaule. wolemba amazitsutsa maudindo ake, njira, zida cilamulo ndi zomveka, popeza kuti asayansi ake philosophizing choona. Zonsezi kumusangalatsa dokotala ndi zokambirana wake wosabereka ndi kanthu kuyesera m'malo zosiyanasiyana matanthauzo a Mulungu. The nzeru za Khristu ali mfulu kwa zonse izi. Bukuli lakonzedwa kuti m'malo onse mawere vuto chala, kotero mwaukali m'nkhani ya chilengedwe sayansi, chikhalidwe. Alankhulepo za zomwe zikuchitika mu mlengalenga - si cholinga cha zamulungu. Iwo ayenera kulimbana ndi zinthu zosatha, chakuti anthu. Kutembenukira ku zamulungu, ayenera kupeza yankho ku mafunso ambiri ofunika. Chitsanzo cha mtundu wa maganizo, Erasmus amakhulupirira dialogues ya Socrates. M'buku lake "Phindu la kulankhula," iye analemba kuti nzeru nzeru zapamwamba wakale amakakamizidwa adzatsika kuchokera kumwamba ndi moyo pakati pa anthu. Ndiko kulondola - mu masewera, kuphatikizapo mapwando ndi maphwando - ayenera kukambirana lapamwamba. Kukambirana kutenga uMulungu. Si kuti Ambuye analankhula kwa ophunzira ake?

The kugwirizana miyambo yosiyana

risible ankaphunzitsa satirical Erazm Rotterdamsky nthawi zambiri poyerekeza "Silenus Alkviada" - wosakongola terracotta mafano, zomwe zili zobisika mu kukongola chidwi ndi Kugwirizana ziboliboli wa milungu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti si onse mawu ake ayenera kumwedwa kwenikweni. Ngati iye ati kuti chikhulupiriro cha Chikristu - ndi mofananira uchitsiru, wolemba sayenera kumwedwa chifukwa kulibe Mulungu ndi. Iye anangoti amakhulupirira kuti ndi yosemphana ndi nzeru otchedwa ankaonetsetsa. Ndi mu nyengo ya "lakumwamba misala" Anthu akhoza kugwirizana ndi Mulungu, osachepera kwa kanthawi. Choncho Erazm Rotterdamsky wolungama pofuna kubwereza miyambo yakale mu mzimu wachikristu. Komabe, iye sanali, monga Luther, kuwoloka Rubicon ndi kukana tchalitchi komanso mwambo Woyera. Komano, monga okonzanso, akuyitana kubwerera ku masiku a atumwi ndi ophunzira kwa Mpulumutsi. Koma nzeru za Khristu anali pangondya ake. Iwo anali akali ndi umunthu weniweni wa mtundu Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Inde, Erasmus ndi kunyozetsa abusa a Chikatolika ndi kuti kumene kumakhala Amonke lenilenilo, limene, mogwirizana ndi wolemba, ndi tiziromboti pa dzina la Kristu ndi uchitsiru wa anthu. Iye (ngakhale covertly) limanena zokhudza inadmissibility cha nkhondo ndi ziwawa m'dzina la chipembedzo. Koma kupitirira mwambo Catholic sindingakhoze kupita.

umunthu wachikristu wa Erasmus

Ndi kudziyeretsa imodzi mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu za zamulungu izi latsopano. Inde, munthu akhoza kukhala pakati pa chilengedwe chonse, monga anaitana ndi humanists Italy. Koma kuzindikira zimenezi sizikuchitika, iye akuyenera wosalira chikhulupiriro chawo, kupanga izo oona mtima ndi kuyamba kutsanzira Kristu. Ndiye adzakhala zimene zimayenera kukhala pa dongosolo la Mlengi. Koma Erasmus munthu ano, monga ine ndinaganiza mlembi, komanso mabungwe zonse zinalengedwa mwa kuphatikizapo boma ndi mpingo, koma kutali yolangiza. Chikhristu kwenikweni ndi kupitiriza kufunafuna zabwino akatswiri wakale. Kodi iwo ankaimba ndi lingaliro la chipembedzo chilengedwe imene idzatsogolera ku kuuzidwa padziko lonse? Chikhristu imangokhala kutha kwa zokhumba zawo. Chifukwa Ufumu wa Kumwamba mu ulaliki wa Erasmus - chinachake monga Republic Plato, kumene zonse ndi wokongola, amene analenga Amitundu, Mbuye kunyamulidwa. Iye ngakhale anasonyeza zodabwitsa kwa nthawi anthu amakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa Chikhristu ndi onse kwambiri kuposa alandirika kulankhula. Ndipo mwa oyera a Mulungu ndi ambiri kwambiri anthu amene mpingo canonized izi absented. Ngakhale nzeru wake wa Khristu Erazm Rotterdamsky adzaitana chitsitsimutso. Mwa ichi akutanthauza osati kubwezeretsa chiyero loyambirira la mpingo, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, amene analengedwa pachiyambi wabwino. Ndipo chifukwa cha Mlengi wake anapanga dziko lino, kuti azisangalala. Izo ziyenera kuti maganizo a Erasmus samagwirizana osati olemba Achikatolika, koma anzeru makamaka Chiprotestanti. pazokambiranazi ufulu ndi ulemu wa munthu ndi zothandiza kwambiri ndipo amasonyeza kuti aliyense wa iwo mu njira zawo aona mbali zosiyanasiyana za umunthu wathu.