Kalmyk mphalapala: chithunzi ndi kufotokozera. Saiga mphalapala: kumene akukhala ndi zimene adya

Saiga, margach kapena Kalmyk mphalapala - hoofed nyama ya subfamily wa antelopes izi. Kuyambira mu 2002, Komiti Mayiko kwa Nature Protection mitundu lili m'gulu pangozi ndi kutchulidwa pa List Red. Patapita zaka 17-18 ndi saiga, kukhala mitundu wambiri wa ungulates mu Europe ndi ku Asia, kumene kuli steppe onse ndi madera theka chipululu ku Carpathians ndi kumadzulo China ndi Mongolia. Lero zinthu zasintha kwambiri. kusaka kusalankhula ndi woipitsitsawu anali chifukwa cha dontho zoopsa chiwerengero cha kuchuluka kwa ziweto izi. The kuchepa lakuthwa za mtundu wake kuvala anangotsala pang'ono kutha.

Kalmyk mphalapala: ndi ndani?

Saiga - ndi zakuthengo ungulate nyama likukhala steppes la Russia. Nyama zimenezi chodabwitsa kuyambira nthawi zakale. Iwo anali a m'nthawi ya mammoths zinatha ndi saber-imodzi akambuku linalanda dera lalikulu okhala onse Europe ndi ku Asia ku gombe la Alaska. Chifukwa kusinthasintha zake zabwino kwa zinthu aliyense ndi chonde mkulu, antelopes anapulumuka masiku ano. Iwo ..silinaona tsoka la mammoths mbiri isanayambe ndi wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya zipembere, koma zochita za anthu tagging wa nyama zimenezi kuti mitundu pangozi.

Features mtundu

Saiga - nyama si makamaka lalikulu, thupi kutalika kwa 1-1.4 mamita ndi kutalika pa zinafota wa 0,6 - 0,8 m, mmene khalidwe zitamangiriridwa mphuno-Zikuluzikulu ndi kukhala mtundu mdima: utoto chilimwe ndi chisanu kuwala imvi. Thupi antelopes zimasiyanasiyana makilogalamu 20 ndi 40. Ena toyesa masekeli mpaka makilogalamu 60, koma sikawirikawiri kwambiri kuona. The amaonekera phazi ali maonekedwe a mtima ndi kukula kwa 6-8 masentimita forked kumapeto ndipo ndi ofanana kwambiri kufufuza wa nkhosa. Mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana sanali muyezo kapena oopsa mphalapala kupereka mawu - poyamba bleat.

Saiga, chithunzi chimene anapereka pa kafukufukuyu, ndi choyambirira ndi losaiwalika kwambiri maonekedwe kuyamika Zikuluzikulu za yaitali pa kuipanikiza. Izi ndi zofunika, ngati penapake magweru ake thupi nkhope nyama zofunika. Kuwonjezeka lumen m'mphuno, izo umafunda mlengalenga ozizira yozizira, kuwapangitsa saigas kosavuta kupirira mavuto a nyengo yachisanu. A yotentha kumatheka njira za m'mphuno ntchito monga fyuluta, ayeretsedwe steppe mpweya fumbi ndi kuteteza kuti ndisapalamule m'mapapo. Mu mavuto a moyo Zikuluzikulu zimenezi nthawi amapulumutsa moyo wa mbuye wake.

Chimachititsanso kudutsa steppe mphalapala n'zosadabwitsa yosalala amble. Ziri ngati iye pakubwezeretsa, mutu wake yoweramitsidwa. Kuyambira kuipa akuwuka mphalapala athaŵila, mofulumira mpaka 60-70 km / ola. Komabe, akuthamanga pa liwiro angathe saiga zosaposa 10-12 Km. Mothamanga nthawi iye kudumphira.

mwamuna mutu chokongoletsedwa ndi bwino yokhota kumapeto kuwala nyanga translucent kuyamba kukula pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa. Pa toyesa isanu ndi umodzi nyanga mthunzi mdima. Ndi zaka chaka chimodzi kusintha antlers mtundu ku mdima, kulinga kukuwunika. Iwo amapeza ndi translucent kwambiri, ofanana ndi kapangidwe waxy. The amuna achikulire ndi nyanga za kutalika ukufika masentimita 40.

nyanga Saiga, kukongola kwambiri komanso kuchiritsa katundu achita mbali fateful mu moyo wake. Kwambiri touted pa msika wakuda, iwo zinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko woipitsitsawu wa nambala yaikulu nyama.

malo

Kale, ndi saiga amakhala lonse la Europe ndi ku Asia, koma pambuyo zaka ayezi zinasungidwa yekha mu zigawo steppe m'dzikoli. Ngakhale zaka 200 zapitazo, imafika ku m'tsinde mwa Carpathian Mapiri, dera malo awo chinachepa kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 20 ndipo lero ali ndi malo ochepa a zigawo steppe la Russia. Steppe mphalapala amakhala mipata yekha momasuka ndi yosalala, olimba miyala kapena dongo dothi, kupeŵa ngakhale minda ang'ono ndi mutsogolerane lalifupi udzu chosaneneka steppes ndi theka-zipululu. Kwa iye, n'kofunika otetezeka osati akumane ndi kuukira mwadzidzidzi adani.

Today saiga amakhala m'madera steppe a m'mayiko asanu - Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Turkmenistan, ndi Uzbekistan. Pa Russian expanses saiga anthu ali kufalitsidwa makamaka Kalmykia, amene amapereka chifukwa kuyitana mphalapala Kalmyk. The Saiga wakudya?

Kukhala m'chipululu cha malo ouma, mphalapala ntchito kudya zitsamba tchire ndi udzu m'chilimwe, nthula - m'nyengo yozizira. Ali wamanyazi kwambiri ndipo amakonda kukhala kutali ndi midzi, bypasses minda ndi minda. Madzi thandizo moyo chofunika chokha m'chilimwe.

ndi saiga amachita kuti?

Saiga kusunga ng'ombe zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - zina 10-50 mitu, ndipo nthawizina 100 kapena kuposa. Iwo ankachita amasamukira - m'nyengo yozizira ndi pang'ono chisanu kukhota mu theka-zipululu, m'chilimwe - pa steppes.

Saiga, lomwe ndi masoka moyo m'dera - steppe, mwangwiro ndinazolowera moyo kumpoto theka chipululu, ndi wokhoza kulekerera M'nyengo yotentha ndi nyengo yachisanu, akhoza kudya kuposa zomera ochepa ndipo kawirikawiri kumwa. Margachey ng'ombe amasamukira ku Sipadzakhalanso Pofunafuna chakudya wodzichepetsa popanda mavuto alionse kwa ulimi. Saiga mwangwiro azikhala ndi ziweto, msipu pa msipu ena konse kudya owazungulira. Tikhoza kunena kuti ng'ombe sadya china wakudya agwape. mimba yake chimagaya namsongole ndi zomera chakupha kuti herbivores ena yayikulu.

saiga kusamuka

Saiga - wongosamukasamuka. Amakhala, wangayo, konse yochulukirapo yaitali. Nthawi zonse pa amapita, kukafunafuna waukulu chakudya - udzu zomera.

Kwa chilimwe saiga ng'ombe msipu mu ochepa steppes, ndi kudya pa mphukira kuthamanga kwa zigwa udzu zosiyanasiyana, kulandira chakudya ndi madzi kuti thupi. Ndi yozizira amasonkhana ng'ombe zikwi ndi kum'mamatira chisanu m'madera pang'ono amasamukira kum'mwera. Isanayambike yozizira ozizira, matalala, etc. Pangani antelopes amasamukira ku madera omwe liveable. Kwambiri ndi Hardy othamanga saiga wakutheker kugonjetsa makilomita oposa mazana awiri patsiku. Koma, ndithudi, ndi magalimoto si popanda akuvutika. Herd, motsogoleredwa ndi mtsogoleri, kuyesera mwamsanga kuti achoke ku zinthu zolemera chisanu mu ukapolo m'madera bwino kwambiri, ikuyenda pa liwiro la kwambiri Hardy wamwamuna osaima kupuma. Ofooka ndi odwala anthu nthawi zambiri sangaime mavuto oterowo. Mantha kucheza ndi achibale, iwo amathamanga, akugogoda kunja mphamvu, ndi zambiri kusiya akufa pamene galimoto.

Mankhwala a antelopes m'chigulu zolamulidwa ndi wawo yogwira - chodabwitsa chidwi, zikusonyeza ndi odzitukumula. Aliyense ng'ombe mosamalitsa tsatirani mtsogoleri pa mtunda, kubwereza magulu ake onse, ngakhale kwambiri wochenjera. Nthawi zina woyendayendawu njira saiga ng'ombe Tingaone mwa masiku angapo.

Ghosn

Ndi isanayambike yozizira akuyamba chisokonezeko. Nthawi imeneyi, amuna kutaya chilakolako chawo ndipo anasangalala kwambiri. Iwo makamaka aukali, zimachitika pakati pa nkhondo aukali, imene zimachititsa anavulala kwambiri, nthawi zina wopita ku imfa ya m'modzi mwa ophunzira a nkhondo. Aliyense wamwamuna m'pamene gawo yake, kusiya zinyalala, ndipo amanga wakewake "harem" wa anagonjetsa nkhondo ndi fuko la akazi, chiwerengero cha zomwe zingasiyane zolinga 5 mpaka 50. Chiwerengero chawo zimadalira mphamvu ndi ntchito za mwamuna. Komanso, ayenera nthawi zonse ufulu wawo wokhala ndi harem. mwamuna wina anganene kuti "akazi", ndipo ankakhulupirira womangidwa nkhondo. Ngati mutaye mwini harem, amene anapambana margach amatenga akazi angapo.

Kubereka ndi moyo amayembekezeka

Kalmyk mphalapala sakhalitsa, moyo amayembekezeka kwa amuna ndi akazi ndi losiyana. Amuna moyo zaka 4-5, akazi metered yaitali - zaka 8-9. Koma ntchito ubereki wabwino wa mbawala ndi zosaneneka: iwo kuchulukitsa mofulumira kwambiri. Kale mu m'badwo wa miyezi isanu ndi akazi akhwime kugonana ndi nawo amodzimodzi, kubweretsa ana oyamba pa msinkhu. Amuna akhwime okha zaka 2.5.

The calving pachaka chikuchitika mu May. akazi apakati, m'magulu paketi, n'kusiya ng'ombe, calving kusankha m'madera akutali kwambiri a steppe ndi zomera otsika kapena ochepa kwambiri ndi kupanda matupi madzi, mwachitsanzo. E. malo ngati amenewa pamene ogwirira sizikuwoneka. Osati kukonza nooks zapadera, umboni mwachindunji pansi.

Female, ng'ombe zambiri kumabweretsa ng'ombe, mu okalamba anabadwa mwana 2-3. M'masiku oyambirira iwo mphamvu mwamtheradi, kwala pansi ndi nkomwe kusuntha, merging likuvutika mtundu wawo ndi maziko onse a m'deralo. Nature anawasamalira, kupereka mwayi kwa mphindi ya chiopysezo kwambiri mu moyo kukhala inconspicuous, nthawi zambiri amapulumutsa iwo ku nkhondo ya adani - ferrets, nkhandwe, ziwombankhanga ndi adani pamene kuyandikira mwana afa, merging pansi kotero kuti n'zovuta kwambiri kuona. Ng'ombe mwina ana ambiri omvera dziko. Komabe, kugona pansi ndipo dikirani kuti mayi kubwera ndi kuwadyetsa iwo. Mkazi uyu odyetserako nthawi, kuyendera ana kangapo patsiku.

Patapita mlungu umodzi, mwana-saiga, chithunzi chimene anapereka pamwamba, kale akachita mayi, awiri pake, mofulumira ndi wamkulu, ndipo patatha mwezi umodzi akuyamba msipu.

moult

Saiga yotentha odula ali Satana mchenga mthunzi pafupi ndi mitundu zachilengedwe steppe youma. Pa kumbuyo kwa iyo malankhulidwe mdima ndi zambiri mbandakucha pa mbali. chaka kawiri - mu kasupe ndi yophukira - pa margacha akudutsa molt. Zima malaya - ndi yaitali wakuda ubweya kukula kwa dzinja ndi kuteteza nyama snowstorms. Ndi opepuka kuposa m'chilimwe ndi zambiri mithunzi yonse ya malankhulidwe kuwala imvi. Komanso, yozizira mu saiga kuoneka pa tsitsi nkhope, ngati mphalapala. Iwo kuteteza mphuno ku hypothermia. Pa lonse odula yozizira yozizira imachita Saiga, ndi isanayambike masika mu malo ake akubwera kachiwiri opepuka mchenga wazaka wofiira tsitsi ubweya.

adani a saiga

Saiga - nyama, kutsogolera tsiku moyo. Mdani woopsa kwambiri kwa akulu ndi steppe nkhandwe, wamphamvu ndi wanzeru, amene kuthawa agwape ndi zitha kuthawa. Iye, wokhoza kuwuwononga kuposa kotala ya ng'ombe. Steppenwolf, opiringizidwa mu gululo lidzakudzidzimutseni ndi kuwononga wofooka pambuyo rutting amuna, akazi apakati, nyama odwala. Pasanathe owopsa kwa mphalapala zimadya ena. Kuukira mimbulu, ankhandwe ndi agalu yosokera nthawi zambiri pansi ngakhale watsopanowo wamkulu tiana ta mphalapala tomwe. Mwana wakhanda akhoza kukhala nyama za ferrets, ziwombankhanga ndi nkhandwe. Koma mkulu mlingo wa kubalana mitundu ndi kukwanitsa masoka achilengedwe tsoka.

A ambiri nyama anaphedwa ndi pasteurellosis. Only mu 2010, mliri wa matenda yafupika nambala margacha 12 chikwi.

Kusaka ndi poaching

zaka zana ndi makumi asanu zapitazo saiga asezare zigawo steppe la Ukraine ndi nyanja, koma mwa zaka za m'ma 20, iwo zasungidwa Russia yekha mu dera Volga ndi Kazakhstan. Zinali wokhala kupulula mitundu imene Lenin inaika lamulo wapadera kuwaletsa kusaka mbawala, amene ingawonongetse kuwuka lakuthwa chiwerengero cha ng'ombe woyendayendawu.

Pofika m'ma 20 alionse saiga wauka kwa miliyoni. Mwachionekere anakhudzidwa monga kuletsa kusaka mbawala, ndi kutha kwa munthu tiziromboti oopsa nyama - saiga gadfly. Mu m'badwo uno golide wa ng'ombe yaikulu margachey zonse zopezeka maulendo onse a migrations awo. Cha m'ma makumi asanu pa kusaka saiga malonda analoledwa kachiwiri.

zinthu zinasintha mu 70s, pamene chitukuko yogwira m'madera ambiri malo oyamba malo saiga, kwambiri yafupika malo awo. Chipangizo mapaipi, misewu, dziko reclamation, migodi linaphwanya njira kabwerebwere wa moyo wosamukasamuka, kusokoneza zachilengedwe zodutsa Kusamuka kwa ogawika-hoofed komanso manambala saiga waponya kachiwiri, kotero kuti kusaka iwo inaletsedwa kachiwiri. Mphalapala katswiri Kalmyk expanses.

Kutha kwa dziko la Soviet Union, ndi linagawidwa kugunda chiwerengero cha nyama izi. Ngati pamaso mitundu amapezeka m'dera la boma limodzi, ndipo kulondera, ndi
Today saiga mphalapala - nyama imene amakhala ku mayiko angapo amene walemba chikalata aliyense wa mayiko pa chitetezo cha zatsala pang'ono kutha. Kusalankhula kuwombera nyama ndi poaching - tsoka, amene sakhoza zikugwirizana mimbulu kwambiri zoopsa. Kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu wa anthu saiga nyama poyamba, ndiyeno nyanga za amuna, minyanga exporting kuti China, zinachititsa dontho kwambiri chiwerengero cha antelopes, omwe analipo anthu 35 okha zikwi. Ndi ochepa, kuperekedwa kuti anthu ambiri amene anapulumuka pa mbawala - akazi.

kukhwimitsa chitetezo

Mogwirizana ndi vuto kuti zayamba ndi anthu saiga, maiko ayenera lembani miyeso chitetezo m'madera Nyanja Aral Atengedwa, Kazakhstan ndi steppes Astrakhan. Today pa Center, kumene nyama zam'tchire anaphunzira Kalmykia, lili mbali yaing'ono gulu la kuŵetedwa monga kubwerera kubwezeretsa mitundu, ngati saiga zakutchire zimachitika zosayembekezereka matsoka. Kuzungulira 20,000 antelopes saiga moyo danga yochepa m'dera la Kalmykia anakhazikitsa Biosphere Reserve. Amakhala Kalmyk mphalapala mu la malo "Rostov" pa nyanja Manych-Gudilo.

Kuchita kubwezeretsa saiga amathandiza Fund Wildlife - analenga kusunga dongosolo la chitetezo Kalmykia margachey allocated amapereka.