Kapangidwe ka mapiri. Mitundu ndi mitundu ya kuphulika. Kodi ndi phiri?

Aroma wakale, kuonerera pamwamba pa phiri kumwamba akuona utsi wakuda ndi moto, ankakhulupirira kuti Patsogolo pawo pakhomo ku gehena, kapena cholowa Vulcan - mulungu wa smithing ndi moto. Polemekeza wake phiri moto kupuma ndipo anaitana akadali mapiri.

M'nkhani ino tikupita, kodi dongosolo chamoto, ndipo yang'anani pa Chigwa ake.

Udakali zinatha mapiri

Padziko Lapansi mapiri ambiri, onse matalala ndi akuchitachita. Kuphulika kwa aliyense wa iwo akhoza kutenga masiku, miyezi, ngakhalenso zaka (mwachitsanzo, yomwe ili pa zilumba Hawaii Kilauea kuphulika anadzuka kumbuyo mu 1983 ndipo adakali ntchito yake sasiya). Pambuyo pake, zimaphala chiphala mukhoza amaundana zaka zambirimbiri, kuti kachiwiri kudzikumbutsa amasulidwe latsopano.

Ngakhale, ndithudi, pali Geological dongosolo, amene ntchito zinachititsa kutali kale. Ambiri a iwo nthawi yomweyo nachobe mbewa zakufa mawonekedwe, koma kwenikweni kuphulika awo, palibe mfundo. mapiri amenewa amaonedwa kuti zinatha. Mwachitsanzo ndi phiri Elbrus ndi Kazbek, kwa nthawi yaitali yokutidwa ndi yowala oundana. Ndipo mu Crimea ndi dera Trans-Baikal ali kwambiri linasokoneza ndi kuwononga mapiri, chilichonse mawonekedwe awo oyambirira.

ndi mapiri Kodi

Malinga mlathowo ntchito ndi malo, mu geomorphology (otchedwa sayansi kuti maphunziro anafotokoza formations Geological) zigwire mitundu munthu wa mapiri.

Mu mau, iwo anawagawa m'magulu awiri chachikulu: liniya ndi pakati. Ngakhale, ndithudi, mugawo ili ziri kwambiri, chifukwa ambiri a iwo ndi liniya tectonic crustal zolakwa.

Komanso, kusiyana ali chithokomiro ndi dongosolo ozungulira ya phiri, komanso otchedwa cinder cones ndi stratovolcanoes. Malinga ndi ntchito yawo amatanthauziridwa kuti yogwira, matalala kapena zinatha, ndipo pa malo - monga lapadziko, sitima zapamadzi ndi subglacial.

ndi kusiyana kwa mapiri m'chigawo chapakati liniya Kodi

Liniya (ming'alu) mapiri, monga ulamuliro, saukitsidwa pamwamba pansi - iwo ndi maonekedwe a ming'alu. Kapangidwe ka mapiri a mtundu uwu monga kotunga njira yaitali kugwirizana ndi zakuya kugawanika kutumphuka dziko lapansi, kumene atsanulira chiphalaphala madzi, amene ali zikuchokera basaltic. Zimafalikira kupita kumbali zonse alimbitse, kupanga utuluke chiphalaphala, erasing nkhalango, nadzaza patsekeke kuwononga mtsinje ndi mudzi.

Komanso, panthawi ina kuphulika kwa zotupa moti liniya pa dziko lapansili angayambe maenje zachiwawa ndi kutalika makumi angapo makilomita. Komanso, kapangidwe kuphulika pamodzi ming'alu kukongoletsa migodi mosabisa, minda chiphalaphala, cones waukulu ndi lathyathyathya kutsitsi, kusintha malo. Mwa njira, mbali yaikulu ya zimachititsa chilumbachi Iceland ndi - ndi chiphalaphala zitunda zathyathyathya amayambitsidwa njira iyi.

Ngati chiphalaphala zikuchokera ndi zambiri acidic (mkulu silika zili), ndiye kuzungulira pakamwa pa extrusive chiphala kukula (i.e., cholizira) mikondo ndi dongosolo lotayirira.

Kapangidwe ka chapakati-mtundu chiphala

Vulcan chapakati mtundu - ndi tapered miyala mapangidwe lomwe pamwamba akorona Chigwa - ndi recess ndi mawonekedwe a fanulo kapena kapu. Ndi, poyamba, pang'ono ndi pang'ono anasamukira oposa, monga limakula yomanga chiphala palokha, ndipo kukula kwake zingakhale zosiyana kwathunthu ndi amayezedwa mamita kapena makilomita.

zimaphala chiphala anapanga pa kuphulika ndipo Mwina m'mbali mwa mapiri chiphala, zimene zinachitikira iwo amatchedwa parasitic kapena mbali.

Mwakuya mu mapiri chiphala pakamwa imene kukacha mu Chigwa cha, chiphalaphala. Chiphalaphala - moto osungunula misa ndi makamaka zikuchokera silicate. Iwo wobadwa kutumphuka dziko lapansi, komwe cholinga chake, ndipo anapita capamwamba, mu mawonekedwe a chiphalaphala unatsanuliridwa pa nthaka ya dziko.

Zotupa, kuchita zambiri ndi kutuluka kutsitsi chabwino chiphalaphala zomwe ndi phulusa ndi mpweya umene, chochititsa chidwi, 98% ya madzi. Likugwirizana ndi zosiyanasiyana zosafunika mu mawonekedwe a flakes wa phulusa mapiri fumbi.

Kodi Mzimuyo mawonekedwe a mapiri

The mawonekedwe chamoto chimadalira pa kapangidwe ndi kukhuthala kwa chiphalaphala lapansi. Loyenda basalt chiphalaphala ndipamene chishango (kapena tabular) mapiri. Kawirikawiri ndi tayala mawonekedwe ndi bwalo lalikulu. Zitsanzo kuimira mitundu ya mapiri, atha kutumikira ngati mapangidwe miyala, yomwe ili pa Islands Hawaii ndi chikudziwika ngati phiri la Mauna Loa.

Scoria cones - mtundu ambiri chamoto. Iwo anapanga pa kuphulika kwa zidutswa lalikulu slag porous, amene kuchulukirachulukira, kumanga kuzungulira Chigwa cha phirilo, ndipo iwo amapanga mbali yaing'ono ya kumapiri mumbali. Kuphulika Volcano lililonse limakhala apamwamba. Chitsanzo akanati litaphulitsidwa mu December 2012 ku Kamchatka kuphulika Lathyathyathya Tolbachik.

mbali kandalama wa mzikiti ndi stratovolcanoes

Ndipo phiri lotchuka Etna, phiri la Fuji ndi phiri Vesuvius - ndi chitsanzo cha stratovolcanoes. Iwo amatchedwa laminates, monga iwo anapanga nthawi regurgitates chiphalaphala (viscous ndipo mofulumira kwambiri kulimbitsa) ndi chuma pyroclastic, lomwe ndi osakaniza mpweya otentha ndi miyala yotentha phulusa.

Chifukwa, izi mitundu ya mpweya kuphulika zotero phirilo lakuthwa ndi otsetsereka concave, ndi zimene deta taphunzira mafunsidwe. chiphalaphala A motere kwa iwo okha mwa Chigwa chachikulu, komanso ming'alu alimbitse pamene pa malo otsetsereka, kupanga makonde ribbed zimene zimakhala thandizo kuperekedwa miyala mapangidwe.

Dome mapiri anapanga kudzera mwa viscous granitic chiphalaphala kuti si ikuyenda pansi otsetsereka, ndipo solidifies pamwamba, n'kupanga mzikiti omwe, linkangopendamapendama, awatulutsira kuononga ndi bouncers kenako Skopje pansi mpweya. Chitsanzo cha zodabwitsazi angakhale mzikiti, amene anapanga pa phiri St. Helens kuti okhudza za boma la kumpoto (inakhalapo mu 1980).

ndi caldera Kodi

Pamwambapa anafotokoza mapiri m'chigawo chapakati amakhala conical. Koma nthawi zina pamene kuphulitsa mapiri mpanda wa nyumba ukutsika, chotero anapanga caldera - ndi maganizo yaikulu kuti angafikire kuya kwa zikwi mamita ndi m'mimba mwake wa ku 16 Km.

Wa inu munandiuza poyamba, kumbukirani kuti mu dongosolo la Chigwa chiphala cha mbali yaikulu imene limatuluka pa kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula. Pamene chiphalaphala onse ali pamwamba, pali opanda waukulu mkati phiri. Ndizo ndendende ndi sanganene nsonga ndi makoma a mapiri chiphala, kupanga pa pamwamba m'mphepete mwa mabwinja a ngozi yaikulu kotloobraznye M'mimbamo ndi pansi ndi lathyathyathya.

Zikuluzikulu tsiku ndi Toba caldera, yomwe ili pa chilumba cha Sumatra (Indonesia) ndi zophimbidwa ndi madzi. Aumbike mwa njira iyi nyanja ali ndi kukula chidwi kwambiri: 100/30 Km ndi akuya 500 m.

Kodi fumarole

zimaphala chiphala, zigwa zawo, phazi ndi Peel utakhazikika utuluke chiphalaphala zambiri yokutidwa ndi ming'alu kapena mabowo, amene asonkhanitsidwa mu chiphalaphala kusungunuka mpweya wotentha. Awa amatchedwa fumaroles.

Kawirikawiri pa mabowo lalikulu mitambo ya nthunzi wandiweyani woyera, chifukwa chiphalaphala, monga tanenera kale, muli madzi ambiri. Koma popanda fumaroles ake ndi gwero la mpweya ndi carbon dioxide, oxides zosiyanasiyana sulfure, sulfide wa hydrogen, halides hydrogen ndi mankhwala ena amene zikhoza kukhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa anthu.

Mwa njira, volcanologists amakhulupirira kuti adalowa Kapangidwe ka fumaroles kuphulika kupanga izo otetezeka monga mpweya kupeza njira ndi musati kudziunjikira m'chikondi cha mwa phiri, kupanga kuwira kuti pamapeto pake eject chiphalaphala pamwamba.

Chotero chamoto monga wotchuka avachinsky, amene sakhala patali ndi Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Popelani, swirling pa izo, Tingaone pa tsiku momveka kwa makumi makilomita.

mabomba chiphala ali m'gulu kapangidwe ka mapiri dziko lapansi

Ngati yaitali matalala chimaphulika chiphalaphala ndiye kuphulika kwa awatulutsira ake ntchentche otchedwa mabomba chiphala. Iwo amakhala ndi miyala zinaphatikizidwa chiphalaphala kapena zinyalala mu mlengalenga ndi Unalimbitsa amatha kulemera matani angapo. mawonekedwe awo Zimatengera mtundu chiphalaphala zikuchokera.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati madzi ndi chiphalaphala alibe nthawi yokwanira kuziziritsapo mu mlengalenga - limene lidagwa pansi chiphala bomba inasanduka mkate. A otsika kukhuthala basalt chiphalaphala atembenuza mu mlengalenga, ndipo potero kutenga mawonekedwe zopotoka, kapena kukhala ngati spindle kapena peyala. Viscous chomwecho - andesite - zidutswa chiphalaphala ali pambuyo kugwa mkate kutumphuka ngati (iwo ali chonse kapena polyhedral wokutidwa ndi ming'alu maukonde).

Kukula kwa m'mimba mwake wa mabomba chiphala angafikire mamita asanu, ndipo pali dongosolo izi pa malo otsetsereka pafupifupi onse mapiri.

Mitundu ya kuphulitsa mapiri

Monga tanenera m'buku lakuti "Mfundo za nthaka ndi miyala" imene amaona kapangidwe ndi mitundu ya kuphulika kwa mapiri, Koronovskii NV, mitundu yonse ya nyumba chiphala popangidwa ndi kuphulika zosiyanasiyana. 6 mitundu ya kuima pakati pawo.

1. Chihawayani mtundu kuphulika - umuna wa madzimadzi kwambiri ndi mafoni chiphalaphala, amene amapanga lingamutsatire chishango mapiri ndi mawonekedwe mosabisa.
2. Stramboliansky mtundu - amasule chigawenga chiphalaphala kwambiri viscous kuti amakankhira osiyana mu mphamvu mabomba, kuchititsa osefukira mawonekedwe kochepa.
3. Plinian mtundu zimaonetsa mabomba mwadzidzidzi zamphamvu zimene limodzi ndi umuna wa wambirimbiri tephra (chuma lotayirira) ndi maonekedwe a utuluke ake.
4. Peleysky mtundu kuphulika limodzi ndi mapangidwe zigumukire ndi kutentha mitambo otentha, ndiponso kukula kwa domes extrusive chiphalaphala viscous.
5. mtundu mpweya - yekha ndi kuphulika kwa zidutswa za miyala akulu, omwe amagwirizana ndi mpweya ndi kusungunuka chiphalaphala, kapena kutenthedwa mkati kapangidwe ka phiri pansi.
6. Kuphulika kutentha kamwazi. Ndi yofanana ndi mkulu-kutentha umuna wa aerosol wopangidwa zidutswa pumice, mchere ndi oblomochkov galasi chiphala, atazunguliridwa ndi m'chimake mpweya chowala. kuphulika ichi ambiri m'mbuyomu, koma anali atayamba kale akuoneni anthu masiku ano.

Pamene panali mapiri wotchuka

Zaka kuphulitsa mapiri akhoza mwina amati ndi zikuluzikulu kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, chifukwa ndi nthawi kusintha kwa nyengo, anawonongeka chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu, ndipo ngakhale achotsa kwa chitukuko lonse dziko lapansi (chifukwa, chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa phiri chimphona anataya Minoan chitukuko mu 15 kapena 16 c. BC. Oe).

Mu 79 ga N. e. pafupi Naples Vesuvius linaphulika zinachitika, kuyikidwa m'manda asanu mita wosanjikiza phulusa la Pompeii, Hekuleniya, Stabia ndi Oplonti, wopita ku imfa kwa anthu ambirimbiri.

Mu 1669, kuphulika angapo Phiri Etna, ndipo mu 1766 - phiri Mayon (Philippines) zinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko choopsa ndi imfa ndi chiphalaphala umayenda zikwi za anthu.

Mu 1783 phiri Laki, linaphulika mu Iceland wachititsa kuchepa kutentha, zimene zinachititsa mu 1784 bwino mbewu ndi njala Europe.

A kuphulika Tambora pa Sumbawa chilumba, mwadzuka 1815 kumanzere kwa chaka chamawa dziko lonse lapansi popanda chilimwe, kutsitsa kutentha mu dziko 2.5 ° C.

Mu 1991, phiri ndi Philippines chilumba cha chilumba cha Luzon kuphulika awo mongoyembekezera adatchithisira zimenezi, kale pa 0,5 ° C.