Volcano Tambora. Tambora kuphulika mu 1815

zaka mazana awiri zapitazo pa nthaka zochititsa chidwi zachilengedwe chochitika - Tambora kuphulika kuti anakhudzidwa nyengo ya dziko lapansi ndi kunena zikwizikwi anthu.

Malo Hrs ya phiri

Tambora kuphulika ili kumpoto cha ku Indonesia chilumba cha Sumbawa, pa Sangar Peninsula. M'pofunika kulongosolerana yomweyo kuti Tambora si phiri lalikulu kwambiri m'derali, Indonesia ali pafupifupi 400 mapiri ndipo ndi waukulu kwambiri kuposa iwo, Kerinci, Sumatra kukacha.

Self Peninsula Sangar m'lifupi 36 Km, ndi utali ali kutalika 86 Km. Kutalika kwa phiri lomwelo Tambora mu April 1815 anafika mamita 4300, a Tambora kuphulika kuphulika mu 1815 zinachititsa kuti kuchepetsa kutalika kwake kuti panopa mamita 2700.

Chiyambi cha kuphulika

Patatha zaka zitatu, kukula ndi zochitika zonse za phiri Tambora April 5, 1815 anali adadzuka pamene panali kuphulika koyamba, womwe unatenga maola 33. Kuphulika kwa phiri Tambora chabutsa utsi ndi phulusa mzati kuti ananyamuka ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 33 Km. Komabe, anthu pafupi sanali m'nyumba zawo, ngakhale phiri ku Indonesia, monga tanenera kale, ntchito chiphala sizinali zachilendo.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuposa poyamba adawopa anthuwo kuti anali patali. Bingu la kuphulika kwa phiri anamveka pachilumba cha Java mu kuli anthu mzinda wa Yogyakarta. Anthu anaganiza kuti iwo anamva kulira kwa mfuti. Pankhani imeneyi achita pa asilikali tcheru ndi kuyamba kuthamanga m'mphepete pofunafuna zombo ngalawa m'mavuto. Komabe, anaonekera pa tsiku lotsatira, Ash adafotokoza chifukwa chenicheni kwa mabomba anamva phokoso.

Tambora kuphulika anakhalabe boma chete kwa masiku angapo, mpaka April 10. chakuti sikuti zinachititsa kuti kuphulika kwa chiphalaphala kutuluka, ndi Anapitirizabe mu Chigwa Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti buildup kuthamanga ndi kuwaganizira latsopano, ngakhale zambiri zoopsa kuphulika kuti chinachitika.

April 10 pa 10:00 m'mawa panali kuphulika watsopano, nthawi imeneyi chipilala utsi ndi phulusa ananyamuka ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 44 Km. Thunder kuphulika kwa kwamveka pa chilumba cha Sumatra. Pa nthawi yomweyo malo ndi kuphulika (Phiri Tambora) pa mapu poyerekezera Sumatra ili kutali kwambiri, pa mtunda wa 2500 Km.

Malinga okha, pa seveni madzulo tsiku lomwelo, mphamvu ya zotupa za chawonjezeka, ndi zisanu ndi zitatu madzulo pachilumba mvula yamatalala miyala, awiri a imene imafikira masentimita 20, ayenera kachiwiri anatsanulira phulusa. Ndi usiku khumi pa phiri limatuluka mu mlengalenga mizati atatu moto ophatikizidwa mu umodzi, ndipo phiri Tambora inasanduka misa "moto madzi." Seveni mitsinje chiphalaphala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula anayamba kufalitsa mbali zonse padziko phiri kuwononga anthu onse a chilumba Sangar. Ngakhale mu nyanja ya kufala chiphalaphala kuti makilomita 40 kuchokera chilumbacho, ndi fungo khalidwe akhoza kufika ngakhale Batavia (dzina lakale la Jakarta, likulu), yomwe ili pa mtunda wa 1300 Km.

Mapeto a zotupa pa

Patapita masiku wina ziwiri, pa April 12, Tambora kuphulika anali kupitirizabe. phulusa mtambo yafalikira ku gombe la kumadzulo kwa Java ndi kum'mwera Sulawesi, ndilo 900 Km from phiri. Malinga mumzindawo, kunali kosatheka kuona m'bandakucha pamaso 10 am, ngakhale mbalame kuyimba pafupifupi mpaka masana. Izo zinatha ndi zotupa yekha, ndi 15 April, ndi phulusa osati anakakhala mpaka April 17. Anapanga pambuyo kuphulika kwa phiri wafika pakamwa pa 6 Km awiri ndi mamita 600 kwambiri.

Anavutika wa Tambora kuphulika

Akuti pa zotupa pa chilumba anaphedwa 11 zikwi anthu, koma kuti chiwerengero cha anthu amene sunali. Kenako, chifukwa cha njala ndi miliri pachilumba cha Sumbawa, ndi chilumba oyandikana Lombok, kupha pafupifupi 50,000, ndi chifukwa cha imfa apamwamba pambuyo kuphulika kwa madzi, amene zotsatira kufalitsa kwa mazana makilomita mozungulira.

zotsatira tsoka Physics

Pamene Tambora kuphulika kunachitika mu 1815, kumasula mmwamba kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya megatons 800, amene angayerekezedwe ndi kuphulika 50,000 mabomba a atomiki ngati Hiroshima. Kuphulika anali maulendo asanu ndi atatu amphamvu kuposa kuphulika odziwika a Vesuvius, ndi kanayi wamphamvu kuposa zimene zinachitika kuphulika kwa Krakatoa.

Kuphulika Tambora anakulira mpweya wa makilomita 160 kiyubiki a makulidwe olimba phulusa anafika pa chilumba mamita 3. Amalinyero amene anapita pamene pa ulendo wa zaka zingapo ankakumana pa njira yake pa chilumba cha pumice, amene anafika ndi mlingo wa makilomita asanu.

ndalama zosaneneka za phulusa ndi sulufule mpweya anafika stratosphere, kukwera ndi kutalika kwa zoposa 40 Km. Phulusa anaphimba dzuwa kwa zamoyo zonse, ndi pa mtunda wa makilomita 600 kuzungulira phiri. Ndipo padziko lonse panali Chifunga a mtundu lalanje ndi likamalowa ofiira ngati magazi.

"Chaka popanda chilimwe"

Mamiliyoni matani woipa sulfure panamveka pa zotupa, mu 1815 chomwecho anafika Ecuador, ndipo chaka chamawa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo ku Ulaya, chodabwitsa wotchedwa ndiye "chaka popanda chilimwe."

M'mayiko ambiri ku Ulaya, ndiye anagwetsa zofiirira ngakhalenso utoto chipale chofewa ku Switzerland m'chilimwe pafupifupi mlungu uliwonse panali chisanu ndi kutentha ambiri Europe anali m'munsi mwa madigiri 2-4. The kuchepa yemweyo kutentha anati mu America.

Padziko lonse, zokolola osauka zinachititsa kuti kuwuka mu mitengo chakudya ndi njala, amene pamodzi ndi mliri wakhala unapha anthu 200 000.

Poyerekeza makhalidwe a zotupa pa

Kuphulika kwa Tambora kuphulika anachitika (1815), yapadera mbiri ya anthu, iye anali kupereka chiwiri gulu (la eyiti nkotheka) pamlingo wa ngozi chiphala. Asayansi anali kudziwa kuti pa zaka 10,000 zapitazi anayi kuphulika amenewa. Pamaso phiri Tambora tsoka ofanana zinachitika mu 1257 pa chilumba chapafupi cha Lombok, m'malo chiphala chamoto chochokera mphiri tsopano pali nyanja Segara Anaki dera makilomita lalikulu 11 (onani chithunzi).

Ulendo woyamba wa phiri pambuyo kuphulika

Apaulendo choyamba, anatsika pa chisumbu ndi kuphulika zazikulu Tambora anaphonya trimester, anakhala Swiss katswiri Genrih Tsollinger, amene anatsogolera gulu la ofufuza kuphunzira analenga chifukwa cha tsoka topezeka. Izo zinachitika mu 1847, pambuyo ochuluka monga zaka 32 pambuyo kuphulika lapansi. Komabe, chifukwa Chigwa anali amamwabe likutuluka, ndipo patsogolo pa kutumphuka mazira ofufuza ankayamba vuto lake mu adakali otentha phulusa la chiphala chamoto.

Koma akatswiri amanena zikamera wa moyo watsopano pa dziko lapansi Incinerate kumene malo atayamba kale kutembenukira wobiriwira zomera masamba. Ndipo ngakhale pa kutalika kuposa 2 zikwi. Mamita wa tchire casuarinas (coniferous zomera, Ivy ngati) apezeka.

Malinga ndi kuonerera zina, kuyambira 1896 m'mbali mwa phiri anthu mitundu 56 ya mbalame, ndi mmodzi wa iwo (Lophozosterops dohertyi) anali woyamba anatulukira apo.

Zotsatira za kuphulika pa luso ndi sayansi

Art mbiri yakale hypothesize kuti kaja wachisoni mawonetseredwe mu chikhalidwe, chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa Indonesia kuphulika anauzira wotchuka British malo zojambula Dzhozefa Mallord William Turner. zojambula wake zambiri kukometsera wachisoni, imvi omangika wofooka likamalowa.

Koma wotchuka kwambiri chilengedwe cha Meri Shelli "Frankenstein", omwe anali pakati ndendende kuti dzinja mu 1816, pamene iye anali mkwatibwi Persi Shelli, pamodzi ndi mkwati ndi wotchuka Ambuye Byron anakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja Geneva. Zinali moyipa nyengo ndi osaleka mvula anauziridwa ndi lingaliro Byron, ndipo Iye anapereka kwa aliyense wa nthambi kuti abwere ndi kuwauza nkhani yoopsa. Mary anabwera ndi chimodzimodzi nkhani ya Frankenstein, lomwe linali maziko a bukulo linalembedwa patapita zaka ziwiri.

Ambuye Byron nayenso mchikakamizo cha chilengedwe analemba wotchuka ndakatulo "Mdima", amene anasinthidwa mizere Lermontov ku izo: "Ine maloto amene sanali maloto onse. Dzuwa anali chimatha ... "Ntchito yonse imene yakhala impregnated ndi kugwetsedwa mphwayi, dovlevshey chaka kuti pa chikhalidwe.

Mu unyolo uwu wa kudzoza si linasokonekera, "Mdima," ndakatulo anali kuwerenga dokotala Byron a Dzhonom Polidori, amene pansi kuganiza iye analemba buku lake "The Vampire".

A odziwika bwino Khirisimasi Carol "Kanthu Night» (Stille Nacht) linalembedwa pa mavesi a German wansembe Yozefa Mora, zomwe analemba mu chomwecho mvula 1816 ndi wotsegulira latsopano chikondi mtundu wanyimbo.

Ndi zodabwitsa, koma kukolola osauka ndi kukwera mtengo kwa balere ouziridwa Karla Dreza, ndi German zatsopano, kumanga magalimoto kuti akhoza m'malo kavalo. Kotero iye anatulukira zinachitika pa njinga ano, ndi kuti dzina labambo Dresen analowa mu moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku mawu "trolley".