Mapangidwe, Sayansi

Kaswili - ndichiyani? Kaswili sayansi

Kumvetsa dongosolo anthu, zikuchokera, njira ya moyo ndi mitundu ya mogwirizana kwa anthu onse akukhala pa dziko zimamuthandiza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ichi pa zofuna zawo, kuti athandize chitukuko cha chitukuko anthu. Ndipo chidwi mu dziko chibadidwe anthu nthawi zonse. Kuyambira nthawi zakale, anthu ayesa kuti muganize momwe kumanga zamoyo, monga iwo ndiwo amene ali ndi zomwe ndi zofunika.

N'chifukwa chake pa nthawi chinayambira komanso analandira kutchuka kwambiri wautali kwambiri mwa mwambo sayansi monga zamoyo. Poyamba nkhawa zomera zokha, ndiye nyama, anthu, tating'onoting'ono ndipo anafika ku chitukuko kufika kumene anakhala zotheka kuyang'ana mkati zolengedwa tating'ono kwambiri. Kwa mapangidwe zamoyo anawomba nsalu kuchokera ambiri bulanchi a sayansi, amene tsopano zonse Integrated ndipo zimapanga zomwenso ake.

sayansi kwachilengedwenso

Pali wa sayansi osiyana, womwenso zamoyo. Taonani gulu lawo.

I. General Science

  1. Systematics.
  2. Kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe (thunthu, histology, cytology).
  3. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa.
  4. Chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko.
  5. Biogeography.
  6. Ubale.
  7. Chibadwa.

II. zovuta

  1. Parasitology.
  2. Hydrobiology.
  3. Nthaka sayansi.

III. sayansi payekha

  1. Zomera.
  2. Zoology.
  3. Anthropology.

Njira imeneyi sayansi kwachilengedwenso magawano anali bungwe la asayansi BG Ioganzenom mu 1969, ndipo sanataye kufunika kwake kwa tsiku lino. Gawo chino chikulongosola pafupifupi onse khalidwe lalikulu, koma masiku ambiri - umisiri, sayansi, mbewu ndi zomangamanga foni ndi zina sayansi ya zachipatala.

Anatomy ndi ofanana amalanga

Mmodzi wa oyambirira ndi zofunika kwambiri khalidwe kwachilengedwenso ndi thunthu. Ndi zimenezo, ndipo ife tione.

Choyamba, funso n'lakuti: thunthu - ndichiyani? Kodi iye kuphunzira? Mayankho akhoza kukonza penapake. Koma chofunika zotsatirazi.

Kaswili - sayansi ya mawonekedwe a ziwalo ndi machitidwe limba, kapangidwe ndi ntchito zawo. chilangochi ndi nthambi ya kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi palokha mitundu yokwana awiri:

  • chomera thunthu - dongosolo, mawonekedwe, ndi malo a ziwalo ndipo zimakhala zolengedwa mbewu;
  • thunthu la nyama ndi anthu - yemweyo, kokha oimira onse zomera.

Anatomy ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi ndi mogwirizana kwambiri ndipo zimenezi si zodabwitsa. N'zovuta kuphunzira dongosolo maselo a maselo a chiwindi, ngati inu simukudziwa chimene chiwindi, kumene ili ndi zimene zimagwira ntchito zimagwiridwa. Choncho chilango chimenechi ali ndi yofunika zedi mu dongosolo ambiri a sayansi kwachilengedwenso.

Palokha, ndi thunthu lagawidwa mitundu zotsatirazi:

  • poyerekeza;
  • mwadongosolo;
  • wamsinkhu;
  • topographic;
  • pulasitiki;
  • zinchito;
  • Experimental kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe.

Chigawo chilichonse chili lokha zolinga ndi zokhumba za phunziroli, ndi phunziro la akupanga chopereka lalikulu kwambiri kudzikundikira chidziwitso ongolankhula mu zamoyo.

Zolinga ndi zokhumba za sayansi

Kaswili - pa zimene akuphunzira chilango? Yankho ife titembenukira kwa zolinga ndi zokhumba za sayansi.

Cholinga: Kupanga Zolondola ongolankhula, pogwiritsa othandiza maphunziro komanso kwa anthu dongosolo thupi, mawonekedwe ndi malo a ziwalo ndi kachitidwe, mapangidwe awo mu ndondomeko ya kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi kusintha kwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zachilengedwe pa nthawi.

Mogwirizana ndi chandamale thunthu - sayansi, ntchito zotsatirazi:

  1. Onani magawo a mapangidwe munthu ndi thupi lake mu njira ya chitukuko cha chisinthiko.
  2. Taganizirani kapangidwe ka ziwalo, machitidwe ndi kufufuza chito za kusintha chifukwa cha kusintha obwera ndi ukalamba.
  3. Kufufuza chikoka cha zikhalidwe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe pa chitukuko ndi mapangidwe ziwalo ndi machitidwe a thupi.

Choncho, ife talandira yankho yeniyeni ndipo kwambiri ndi funso "kaswili - ndichiyani?" ndipo ife tikhoza chitani ganizirani mbiri ya sayansi imeneyi.

Mbiri ya thunthu sayansi

Sayansi, chilango chimene chinapangidwa kokha m'zaka XVIII. Komabe, nzeru ongolankhula anayamba kudziunjikira kalelo, chifukwa cha ntchito za greats monga Hippocrates, Aristotle, Gerofil, Erasistratus ndi ena.

More mokwanira bwino mmene thunthu kusanduka (a sayansi ya munthu) kwa mibado monga tebulo.

Ancient Greece, Aigupto, Perisiya, ndi China (460 ga BC - .. XIII m'ma AD) Middle Ages ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano (XIII - XVIII m'ma) Modern ndi chi nthawi (XVIII - XXI m'ma)
1. "Ayurveda" (Indian buku). Imafotokoza za ena anthu ziwalo, minofu ndi misempha. Chiyambi cha Ages Middle amakhala ndi stagnation mu chitukuko cha chidziwitso anatomical. Palibe akuphunziridwa n'kuona, monga izi zoletsedwa ndi mpingo. Koma mapeto a XVII - kumayambiriro kwa zaka XVIII - nthawi ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Panthawi imeneyi, izo zinachitika mndandanda wa zinthu zimene anakhala wosaiwalika m'mbiri ya sayansi. Nthawiyi amakhala ndi chilengedwe zipangizo kubukitsa, moti kutsegula nyumba yaing'ono ndi tizilombo. Pali mankhwala thunthu. Mapangidwe njira zatsopano za kufufuza zinthu zamoyo, kuphatikizapo anthu. Zodziwika bwino chiphunzitso cha zimene thunthu - sayansi kuti maphunziro si matupi, koma kachitidwe lonse la ntchito yawo ndipo mapangidwe moyo.
2. "Neytszin" (Chinese buku). Pamafunikanso mafotokozedwe a mtima, impso, chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina anthu. 1. Italy Mondino mu 1316 atalenga buku phunziro, limanena kuti thunthu - nzeru za matupi aumunthu ndi miyoyo yawo. 1. Carl Baer (zaka 1792-1876) - anatsegula linagwira anthu kuphunzira njira ya mapangidwe zigawo nyongolosi ndi chiyambi cha mapangidwe matupi awa. Iye anakhala woyambitsa chiphunzitso recapitulation (kubwerezabwereza) mu embryogenesis Ndisanaumbidwe anthu ena zizindikiro kunja nyama.
3. dokotala Aigupto Imhotep anaphunzira zigawo za thupi zochokera matupi kwa kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke. kuzipenya onse anafotokoza motero kulenga ntchito yake. 2. 1473 ga - lofalitsidwa ntchito ndi Avicenna Celsius opangidwa anatomical woyamba kuchipatala dikishonale ya mawu. 2. Zhan Batist Lamark, Charles Darwin anapanga zopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Darwin - woyambitsa chiphunzitso kwambiri ambiri magwero a mitundu anthu ndi chitukuko m'mbiri.
4. Roma Gerofil ndi ntchito yaikulu "anatomist" wake. Iye makamaka anaphunzira kapangidwe mkati mwa matupi aumunthu, anapanga zopereka kwambiri Kukula kwa thunthu anthu, ndiye tate wa chilangocho. 3. chopereka wapadera kuti chitukuko cha chilango anayambitsa Leonardo da Vinci, ankagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso talente yake luso molondola zarisovyvaniya minofu, ziwalo, ziwalo za mafupa a. Iye amakhala oposa 600 osiyana, zolondola ndi bwino zithunzi zimene zimasonyeza ntchito minofu ndi dongosolo lawo, ziwalo zosiyanasiyana ndi mafupa. 3. Louis Pasteur - waluntha wasayansi, ndi sayansi, wasayansi. Iye anali wokhoza kuti atsimikizire ndikosatheka m'badwo mowiriza mofuna moyo wopanda nawo tizilombo. Ndinakhala zambiri zatsopano kutsimikizira mfundo imeneyi, ndiye tate wa tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Iye anayamba zoyesayesa woyamba wa anthu katemera matenda.
5. Erasistratus (Greece) nayenso anaphunzira thunthu pa mitembo ya malamulo mlandu. Iye anatsutsa Hippocrates kuika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha madzi, kuchepetsa thupi ndi matenda ake. Iye anafotokoza za ziwalo ndi akatumba. 4. Andreas Vezaly - dokotala, wofufuza, mlengi semitomnika thunthu. Mmodzi wa akatswiri chachikulu munthawi yake thunthu. Anazindikira okha kuonetsetsa ndi kuyesera, zotsatira zonse zimapezeka mwa autopsy mafupa ndi kusonkhanitsa mu manda. 4. Caspar Wolf - anayambitsa embryogenesis, mumaganiza waukulu ndi malangizo.
6. Klavdiy Galen - ntchito zake a magwero 400, omwe anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ambiri m'madera structural wa thupi, kuphatikizapo mitsempha. ntchito yake inali zipangizo oyamba yophunzitsira anthu ena kuphunzira thunthu. 5. Vilyam Garvey - anapanga amathandiza kwambiri chitukuko cha malingaliro za kayendedwe ka magazi kudzera ziwiya. Woyambitsa wa chilamulo biogenetic, iye anafotokoza mfundo za chiyambi cha zamoyo zonse kwa dzira limodzi. 5. Luigi Galvani - wotchuka wasayansi amene anatulukira chikhalidwe magetsi kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha zimakhala wa zamoyo chiyambi nyama. Anayambitsa electrophysiology.
7. Celsus - woyambitsa zinthu zambiri zachipatala wa thunthu. Anaphunzira ligation ziwiya, ndizosowa opaleshoni ndi chisamaliro. 6. Eustace - kutsegula chubu Makutu, dzina lake (Eustachian), zomwe zikugwirizana khutu pakati ndi mlengalenga kunja. komanso wa anapeza ndi malongosoledwe a zopangitsa kwa adrenal. Ambiri anafotokoza matupi awo anayikidwa mu ntchito wamba amene kumaliza, iye sanathe. 6. A chopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha thunthu ndi mankhwala mu Russia anayambitsa ndi Peter I. Zinali iye amene anapereka mayendedwe ndi amene asayansi a dziko athu anatha kukhala angapo atulukira zofunika ndi zofunika kwambiri za sayansi ndi kupereka mwayi kukhala intensively. Iye ndi mfumu anatenga ulamuliro pa chochitika cha ogwira ntchito yachilendo. Creation wa Russian Academy of Sciences wakhala kwambiri chitukuko cha khalidwe ambiri.
8. Persian dokotala Abu Ibn Sina (Avicenna) - zachitika chiphunzitso chakuti thupi 4 chachikulu limba udindo ntchito yake yonse: mtima, testis, chiwindi, ubongo. 7. Gabriele chiberekero - mwana wasukulu wa Vesalius. Iye amakhala malongosoledwe ndipo anapeza angapo a mbali yaing'ono structural cha thupi: ndi likalowa m'makutu, maso palatal minofu, magulu a limba mmakutu. Iye anafotokoza ndizosowa kapangidwe ka aziwadula maliseche. 7. Pirogov N. I. - ndi dokotala kwambiri, woyambitsa wa thunthu poyerekeza, anayambitsa njira "ayezi thunthu" (kumaliza zidutswa za mitembo mazira kwa kuwerenga ndi kufanizitsa). ntchito yake inakhala maziko a chitukuko cha opaleshoni.
9. Agiriki Empedocles ndi Alcmaeon. Chinachititsa kuti zokhudza khutu ndi ziwalo za masomphenya, ndi misempha ozungulira izo. 8. Thomas Willis - dokotala, amene amadziwika kuti atulukira angapo matenda, komanso bwinobwino ya ubongo wa anthu. 8. P. A. Zagorsky ndi IV Buyalsky poyamba ndi anamasulidwa mabuku thunthu ndi pophunzitsa ophunzira.
10. Agiriki Anaxagoras ndi Aristophanes. Anali kuphunzira paokha ubongo ndi chigoba chake, taziwona anafotokoza. 9. Gleason. Pofotokoza maulamuliro ndi mosamala kwambiri kuphunzira ana a matenda. 9. P. F. Lesgaft - woyambitsa wa thunthu zinchito. Iye anaphunzira ndipo anafotokoza minofu, mafupa, ntchito yawo ndi kapangidwe ka malo.
11. Euripides ndi Diogenes anali kuona mtsempha zipata, anafotokoza za m'thupi, m'madera ena ambiri ntchito zawo. 10. Casparo Azelli. Ine ndinapanga kufotokoza n'ngolondoladi wa matumbo ziwiya lymphatic. A zambiri khama kuyika mu chitukuko cha malingaliro za zochita za machitidwe magazi ndi lymphatic. 10. V. N. Tonkov. Iye anandiuza ntchito X-ray kuphunzira mafupa. Woyambitsa wa thunthu experimental monga mwambo.
12. Aristotle. Ndinaphunzira zomera, nyama ndi anthu. Adalenga oposa 400 ntchito ku malo osiyanasiyana zamoyo. Akuti chifukwa cha zonse moyo, iye anasonyeza kufanana mu kapangidwe ka nyama ndi munthu. 11. Ndi chinthu chofunikira patsogolo chitukuko cha thunthu anakhala "anatomical zisudzo": a autopsy mitembo pagulu. Pa zochitika zimenezi walola pofuna kuphunzira mankhwala. Pa autopsy ndi, anakambirana anzake a zimene anaona. Kukonda ya mpingo amadza zabwino kuphunzira ndizosowa thunthu. 11. DA Zhdanov, zina kuti adzipeza Lavrentiev, NM Jakubowicz anapanga zopereka kwambiri chitukuko cha kudziwa za kapangidwe ndi asilikali a ubongo, kuchita zikhumbo.
13. Hippocrates - wolemba wa lingaliro la zinayi galimoto thupi madzi: magazi, phlegm, chikasu ya ndulu ndi wakuda. Iye anakana maganizo zaumulungu wa thunthu la anthu ndi nyama. 12. I. I. Mechnikov - wolemba ndi chiphunzitso cha chitetezo chokwanira, anatulukira ndondomeko phagocytosis. Amaitcha maulemu chifukwa chogwira ntchito yake mderali.

Ndithudi, izi si mndandanda wa mayina amene ntchito zake za mtengo wapatali ongolankhula ndi zothandiza chitukuko cha sayansi monga thunthu.

ndi thunthu la masiku ano? akatswiri a masiku ano salola mpumulo n'kukhutira awo. Nthawi kuchitika ndi kupezedwa onse atsopano a nyumba zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito zawo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ena njira adakali zovuta kuzimvetsa kwa munthu, ndi chinthu kuyesetsa kuti.

Communication Anatomy ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa

Iwo pachibale aliyense thunthu zina ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa. Ngati sayansi, ali yekha osakaniza ingatithandize kudziwa wathunthu za mlathowo mawonekedwe, kapangidwe ndi ntchito kwa dongosolo makamaka limba. Choncho pa ndime ndi lolingana sayansi anatomical kumeneko Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa zomera ndi nyama, kuphatikizapo anthu.

Izi ndi mogwirizana kwambiri, kulola kumvetsa bwino za njira ya thupi. Choncho, kusamalira bwino. Nayenso deta ali ofunika kwambiri kwa mankhwala. Iwo likukhalira kuti pafupifupi sayansi kwachilengedwenso onse - zogwirizana tangle, akukoka pa ulusi kuti, inu mukhoza kutenga zambiri wapadera ndi wathunthu zoti aliyense wamoyo.

Kaswili ophunzira

Njira maphunziro chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika ophunzira akusekondale ndi thunthu. Mu kalasi umayamba kuwaphunzira? Sayansi ndi sanaphunzitsidwe kuyambira chitatu lapansi. Koma kudziŵa kaye za Kapangidwe ka thupi la munthu ndi kugwira ntchito kwa matupi kale ku pulayimale.

Kuphunzira nkhani mu sukulu za pulayimale

Mwachibadwa, kuphunzira chilango sayamba ndi kalasi loyamba, ngakhale umboni ndi mu maonekedwe Kufikika ana akufotokoza ena mfundo anatomical. Mwachitsanzo, zosayenera atakhala pa desiki chingakuthandizeni kuti kupindika msana. Kawirikawiri, pa m'badwo uno, ana onse kale kudziwa kumene msana. Izo zinali kokha mu kalasi chachinayi akuyamba "lenileni" thunthu. 4 kalasi - zavershayushy siteji ya maphunziro a kupulayimale. Ana mokwanira ophunzitsidwa kuphunzira mmene kumvetsa kwambiri njira zofunika anatomical. Maphunziro operekedwa ndi pulogalamu mu njira ya chilango "kunja dziko". Ana anapatsidwa zimachititsa chilumbachi ambiri ziwalo mu thupi la munthu, dzina lawo ndi dzina la kachitidwe iwo amapanga. Komanso tikunena ntchito anachita.

Thunthu kwa kalasi 8

Pa gawo pakati aziphunzitsa kwambiri zambiri ndi wathunthu kuphunzira thunthu la munthu. Kalasi 8 amanenera chaka mosamala nkhani ndi buku la chilango chimenechi. Nthawi imeneyi timaphunzira zonse kuchokera ku mbiriyakale ya thunthu ndi kutsiriza ndi ntchito apamwamba mantha ndi kubereka ana.

Ana amaphunzira zinthu zonse mbali ya kapangidwe ndi kugwira ntchito kwa kachitidwe limba, munthu zigawo zikuluzikulu ndipo amapereka mudziwe zambiri pa mmene zinthu zina pa chitukuko cha anthu. Iwo akulankhula nkhani ya kusinthika kwa zinthu ndi mapangidwe a mtundu wa anthu. Ndiko kuti, kuipidwa ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi kuphunzira thunthu la munthu.

Chitsanzo "kalasi 8. kaswili" kumaphatikizapo kwambiri chiyani, apamwamba ndi Kufikika ulaliki wa yokhudza nkhani za chilango. Komanso, Ufumuyo, zothandizira pakompyuta, kuphunzira oyembekezera pa sayansi pafupifupi. Ndi buku kulengedwa workbooks kwa ophunzira, komanso angapo pophunzitsa aphunzitsi.

Izi zimathandiza kulimbitsa kudziwa kuti amapereka zamoyo (thunthu la munthu). Kalasi 8 - yekha amene mafunso akhudzidwa anatomical, koma chachikulu.

Nkhani zophunzira za mu kalasi 9 sukulu

M'masukulu ena, sayansi ndi zogwirizana pa nthawi ina - mu nthawi ya 9 kalasi. Anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha zovuta za nkhaniyo ili yabwino kuloŵerera zidzachitike pa unyamata ichi, nthawi ya mapangidwe chikumbumtima mwana wamkulu.

Komabe, palibe chikaiko chakuti kuphunzira kale za nkhaniyi si sakhala ogwira. Ndipotu, pali zambiri zigawo, amene amapereka ophunzira ndi zamoyo. Kalasi 9 "Anthu thunthu" akugwiritsa magawo kale kuphunzira mavuto osiyanasiyana monga kapangidwe maselo maselo ndi chamoyo wonse, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Choncho, kunena kuti pa zaka pyadidi kuphunzira thunthu kumene, kovuta. Kaswili - sayansi kuti amaphunzira kwenikweni kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya thupi. Choncho, sachedwa kuphunzira "shelved" sizitanthauza n'zomveka.

Kalasi 10 ndi thunthu

Poyamba (pamaso 1980s ndi), chilango ichi zambiri zinachitika kokha kusekondale. Iwo uli pa siteji yotsiriza ya maphunziro anaonekera thunthu. 10 kalasi ankaona nthawi yoyenera kwambiri chifukwa cha ichi.

Lero ana akukulira nyengo ya kusinthika kwambiri sayansi. chikumbumtima lawo ladzaza, iwo anakhala zambiri chitukuko ndi zambiri amatha. Voliyumu ya nkhani yophunzira komanso kowonjezeka kwambiri itasinthidwa (bwino) njira ndi luso la kuphunzitsa. Choncho, kulanda kuphunzira thunthu pa kalasi 8 ali malongosoledwe zomveka si chinachake negative.

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