Kodi Copenhagen kutanthauzira?

Copenhagen kutanthauzira - tanthauzo la kwadzidzidzi zimango, anakonza ndi Niels Bohr ndi Werner Heisenberg mu 1927, pamene asayansi ntchito pamodzi Copenhagen. Bohr ndi Heisenberg anatha kusintha ntchito ya tanthawuzo probabilistic, kukonza ndi M. Anabadwa, ndipo anayesera kuyankha mafunso angapo zimenezi, umene ndi chifukwa aziweyulira-tinthu duality. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zazikulu za Copenhagen kutanthauzira okonzera kwadzidzidzi, ndi mphamvu zawo pa sayansi yamakono.

mavuto

Kutanthauzira okonzera kwadzidzidzi otchedwa mfundo za chikhalidwe okonzera kwadzidzidzi ndi chiphunzitso amene akufotokoza dziko zakuthupi. Ndi thandizo lawo, mukhoza kuyankha mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha chowonadi thupi, ndondomeko ya phunziro lake, chikhalidwe cha causality ndi Determinism, komanso chikhalidwe cha ziwerengero ndi malo ake mu kwadzidzidzi zimango. zimango kwadzidzidzi imatengedwa kuti kwambiri kumveka chiphunzitso m'mbiri ya sayansi Komabe, kugwirizana pa luntha ake zakuya za komabe sanali sakupezeka. Pali kutanthauzira okonzera kwadzidzidzi, ndipo lero ife kuyang'ana wotchuka kwambiri a iwo.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu

Amadziwika kuti dziko thupi lapangidwa ndi zinthu kwadzidzidzi ndi zida zachikhalidwe kuona. Kusintha boma kugwiritsa ntchito zida limafotokoza zowerengera ndondomeko sizingasinthe kusintha makhalidwe tosaoneka. Pamene yaying'ono-chinthu interacts ndi maatomu chipangizo choyezera, amachepetsa kwa superposition imodzi, i.e. pali kuchepetsa yoweyula ntchito ya muyeso chinthu. Schrödinger aone kuti pali sakufotokoza chotsatirachi.

Kuchokera kaonedwe wa Copenhagen kutanthauzira okonzera kwadzidzidzi sakufotokoza awo yaying'ono-zinthu ndi katundu, amene akuwonetseredwa mu macroconditions, analenga mtheradi chingwe zipangizo kuyang'aniridwa ndi. Khalidwe la zinthu atomiki sangathe siyanitsa zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi zipangizo choyezera, zomwe kukonza zinthu za chiyambi cha chododometsa.

A tione kwadzidzidzi zimango

Kwadzidzidzi zimango ndi chiphunzitso cha malo amodzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti yaying'ono-chinthu muyeso kumabweretsa kusintha chikhalidwe chake. Choncho, pali kufotokoza probabilistic za malo oyamba chinthu pofotokoza ntchito yoweyula. Zovuta yoweyula ntchito - ndi mfundo yaikulu ya kwadzidzidzi zimango. Ntchito yoweyula lisinthike muyeso latsopano. The chifukwa cha kudziwa zimenezi zimadalira ntchito yoweyula m'njira probabilistic. Mtengo thupi ali yekha modulus lalikulu la ntchito yoweyula, kutsimikizira n'zotheka kuti ankaphunzira yaying'ono-chinthu chili ina danga.

Mu zimango kwadzidzidzi, lamulo la causality imagwiridwa ndi kulemekeza ntchito yoweyula, nthawi mosiyanasiyana malingana ndi zinthu koyamba, ndipo si wachibale ndondomeko ya mathamangidwe tinthu, monga kutanthauzira chakale okonzera. Chifukwa chakuti mtengo thupi wapatsidwa yekha lalikulu la ntchito yoweyula kufunika kwake koyamba sangathe mtima, mfundo yomwe imatsogolera ku kulephera ena kupeza nzeru zolondola zokhudza koyamba boma kwadzidzidzi dongosolo.

Maziko nthanthi

Kuyambira ndi phiphiritso la view, maziko a Copenhagen kutanthauzira mfundo epistemological ndi:

1. Observability. Kwenikweni umenewu chagona mu osati chiphunzitso thupi mwa ziganizo kuti umboni mwa kungophunzira mwachindunji.
2. Additionality. Omwe yoweyula ndi kufotokozera corpuscular wa zinthu microworld azigwirizana.
3. Kukayikakayika. Iwo akunena kuti ntchito ya yaying'ono-zinthu ndi patsogolo sangathe titsimikize payokha, ndipo mwandondomeko mtheradi.
4. Malo amodzi Determinism. Akusonyeza kuti zilili masiku ano a dongosolo thupi anatsimikiza mtima uliri yapita si mwapadera, koma ndi Mwina mumaganiza za chibadidwe m'mbuyomu.
5. Compliance. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, malamulo a kwadzidzidzi zimango mtima kuti malamulo okonzera chakale, pamene n'zotheka kunyalanyaza kufunika kwa kwadzidzidzi kanthu.

ubwino

Mu kwadzidzidzi sayansi, zokhudza zinthu atomiki akamagwira kakonzedwe experimental ali ngati ubale wina ndi mzake. N'ngosapanganika ubale Werner Heisenberg amakuona osiyanitsidwa Kugwirizana pakati zolakwika akukonzekera zosintha kayendedwe ndi zazikulu akanadziŵa boma la dongosolo thupi mu zimango zachikhalidwe.

A mwayi yofunika kwambiri Copenhagen kutanthauzira okonzera kwadzidzidzi n'chakuti zilibe ntchito mwachindunji pa mfundo zambiri za zedi thupi unobservable. Komanso, ndi osachepera prerequisites zimamanga dongosolo cilamulo, comprehensively limafotokoza umboni experimental kupezeka pa mphindi.

Tanthauzo la ntchito yoweyula

Malinga ndi Copenhagen kutanthauzira, yoweyula ntchito kungakhale umamumvera njira ziwiri:

1. Unitary kusanduka, amene anafotokozedwa ndi Schrödinger aone kuti pali.
2. Muyeso.

The tangent za ndondomeko loyamba analibe aliyense kukayikira asayansi, ndi ndondomeko chachiwiri wachititsa mtsutso ndipo spawned angapo kutanthauzira, ngakhale mkati kwambiri wa Copenhagen kutanthauzira kwa chikumbumtima. Pa dzanja limodzi, pali chifukwa chomveka chokhulupirira kuti ntchito yoweyula kanthu kena kusiyapo weniweni thupi chinthu, ndi kuti amaloŵamo kugwa pa ndondomeko chachiwiri. Komano, ntchito yoweyula kungakhale si munthu ayi weniweni, ndi wothandiza chida masamu, cholinga yokha ndiyo kupereka mwayi kuwerengera Mwina. Bohr anatsindika mfundo yakuti chinthu chokha chimene chingakhoze kuonedweratu - chifukwa cha zokumana thupi, kotero nkhani zonse sekondale ayenera amanena kuti ndi sayansi yeniyeni, ndi nzeru. Iye anavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo nzeru za positivism, napempha kuti sayansi lafotokozedwa kwenikweni okha zinthu bwino.

kuona awiri anatumbula

Mu awiri kudula kuyetsa kuwala kudutsa slits awiri, yothothola chophimba pa wosawoneka malekezero awiri: mdima ndi kuunika. ndondomeko Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mafunde kuwala akhoza kukhala m'madera ena matanthauzo ikuthandizira, ndi ena - kuletsa wina ndi mzake. Komano, kuyesera imasonyeza kuti kuunika gawo la katundu otaya ndi ma elekitironi akhoza kuonetsa katundu yoweyula, motero kulola kusokonezedwa chitsanzo.

Izo zikhoza kapadera kuti chochitika ikuchitika ndi fotoni kamwazi (kapena elekitironi) ndi otsika kwambiri, kuti nthawi iliyonse nthawi kagawo akudutsa kachigawo kamodzi kokha. Komabe, powonjezera mfundo za photons kumenya nsalu yotchinga, superimposed pa mafunde chimodzimodzi kusokonezedwa chitsanzo, ngakhale kuti zinachitikira kwa particles mwaumbanda osiyana. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti tikukhala "Mwina" wa chilengedwe chonse, imene zochitika zonse m'tsogolo peredelennuyu n'zotheka, ndipo n'zotheka kuti nthawi yotsatira padzakhala chinachake mosayembekezeka, ndi yaing'ono.

mafunso

Kudula zinachitikira imabweretsa mafunso monga:

1. Kodi adzakhala malamulo a makhalidwe a particles munthu? Malamulo okonzera kwadzidzidzi kuloza kwa nsalu yotchinga malo kumene particles adzakhala powerengera. Iwo amakulolani kuwerengera malo n'kupanga kuwala amene angakhale ambiri particles ndi magulu mdima, amene ayenera kutenga particles ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, malamulo amene amalamulira kwadzidzidzi zimango sangathe kulosera pamene chifuniro chenicheni cha particles payekha.
2. Kodi n'chiyani chikuchitikira tinthu pa nthawi pakati pa umuna ndi kulembetsa? Yachokera pa zotsatira za kuyang'anila mwina kuganiza kuti ndi tinthu amakhala mogwirizana ndi mipata awiri. Zikuoneka kuti izi ndi zosiyana ndi malamulo a khalidwe mfundo tinthu. Makamaka pamene kumakhaladi tinthu kudziwika mfundo.
3. Muulamuliro zomwe tinthu n'kusiya khalidwe lake kuchokera malo amodzi osakhala malo amodzi, ndi mosemphanitsa? Pamene tinthu umadutsa kusiyana ndi khalidwe lake chifukwa cha wavefunction sanali isanafalikire kudutsa imodzi mwa slits onse. Pa nthawi ya kalembera wa particles nthawi zonse analembedwa monga mfundo, ndi konse kutsukidwa wa paketi yoweyula.

mayankho

The Copenhagen kutanthauzira chiphunzitso kwadzidzidzi kuyankha mafunso motere:

1. Mfundo sikutheka kuthetsa chikhalidwe probabilistic okonzera kwadzidzidzi maulosi. Ndiko kuti, sangathe kudziwiratu amasonyeza malire nzeru za anthu za zosintha chilichonse chobisika. Chakale sayansi amanena kuti Mwina milandu amenewa m'pofunika pofotokoza ndondomeko monga ikukankhidwa ndi dayisi. Kutanthauza Mwina m'malo kudziwa chosakwanira. The Copenhagen kutanthauzira kwadzidzidzi zimango, Heisenberg ndi Bohr, pa dzanja ena ananena kuti zotsatira za muyeso mu zimango kwadzidzidzi limeneli linachokera sanali deterministic.
2. Physics ndi sayansi kuti amaphunzira zotsatira za njira kayesedwe. Kuganizira zimene zikuchitika kufufuza kwawo unlawfully. Malinga ndi Copenhagen kutanthauzira, funso kumene anali tinthu patsogolo kulembetsa ake, ndi zina sizopeka amenewa ndi tanthauzo, kotero Tisawasale lingaliro.
3. kayesedwe chochitika chifukwa mu kugwa atangochimwa ntchito yoweyula. Choncho, ndondomeko muyeso mosintha amasankha chimodzi chokha za mwayi, zimene zimathandiza yoweyula ntchito ya udindo uwu. Ndipo kusonyeza zosangalatsa, ntchito yoweyula ziyenera kusintha yomweyo.

chilankhulo

Mawu wa Copenhagen kutanthauzira mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi spawned yofanana angapo. Ambiri a awa zachokera njira ya zochitika zogwirizana ndi mfundo monga kwadzidzidzi decoherence. Decoherence limakupatsani kuwerengera malire chachilengulengu pakati pa macro- ndi microcosms. Kusiyana ena amasiyana mlingo wa "Kuzindikira kwa funde la dziko."

kutsutsa

Phindu la kwadzidzidzi zimango (Heisenberg ndi Bohr ndi yankho ku funso loyamba) akhala kufunsidwa mu kuyesera ganizo, wochitidwa ndi Einstein, Podolsky ndi Rosen (EPR chododometsa). Choncho asayansi ankafuna kutsimikizira kuti kuli magawo zobisika m'pofunika kuti chiphunzitso sichichititsa kuti mwamsanga ndipo sanali m'dera "losatha". Mnthawi anayendera wa EPR-chododometsa, limene zikomo zotheka kusiyana Bell, izo zinali kuti kwadzidzidzi zimango cholondola ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za magawo zobisika zikutsimikiziranso experimental.

Koma mabvuto ambiri anali poyankha Heisenberg ndi Bohr pa funso lachitatu anafunsa mwa ndondomeko chingwe mu udindo wapadera, koma kudziwa zinthu zapadera mu iwo.

Asayansi ambiri, asayansi ndi nzeru ena, mwapoyera adakana Copenhagen kutanthauzira kwadzidzidzi sayansi. Chifukwa choyamba chinali chakuti Heisenberg ndi Bohr ndi kutanthauzira sanali deterministic. Ndipo lachiwiri - ndi kuti anayamba mfundo gawo kalekale kuti asandulike ntchito Mwina zotsatira odalirika.

Einstein ankakhulupirira kuti kufotokoza zenizeni thupi kwapatsidwa mwa kwadzidzidzi zimango mu mamasulidwe a Heisenberg ndi Bohr, zolakwika. Malinga ndi Einstein, anapeza chiwerengero cha mfundo ku Copenhagen kutanthauzira, koma achibadwidwe sayansi anakana izo. Choncho, Einstein sakanakhoza kumufunafuna mfundo mabuku kwambiri.

M'kalata yake yopita Anabadwa, Einstein anati: "Ndikukhulupirira kuti Mulungu si kutaya dayisi!". Niels Bohr ndemanga pa mawu amenewa, Einstein ananena kuti osamulozera Mulungu zoyenera kuchita. Pokambirana ndi Abraham Paysom Eynshteyn anati, "inu ndi zaimfa mwezi alipo kokha pamene inu muyang'ana pa izo?".

Erwin Schrödinger anabwera ndi mphaka ganizo kuyesera imene iye ankafuna kuonetsa wotsika okonzera kwadzidzidzi pa kusintha kwa subatomic kachitidwe tosaoneka. Komabe, vuto ankaona kofunika kugwa yoweyula ntchito mu mlengalenga. Malingana ndi chiphunzitso Einstein wa relativity, nthawi yomweyo ndi imodzi zomveka okha Kulingalira mu chimango chimodzi. Choncho, palibe nthawi, zimene zingakhale chimodzimodzi zonse, choncho, kugwa mosayembekezereka sangathe zotsimikizika.

inafikira

Kafukufuku mwamwayi ochitidwa ndi asayansi mu 1997, anasonyeza kuti lalikulu pamaso pa Copenhagen kutanthauzira, anafotokoza mwachidule pamwamba, imayendetsedwa ndi anthu osachepera theka la anthu omwe anafunsidwa. Komabe, ali otsatira kuposa kutanthauzira ena payokha.

zina

asayansi ambiri kuyandikira kwa wina mamasulidwe a zimango kwadzidzidzi, omwe anatchedwa "ayi." Mfundo yaikulu ya kutanthauzira izi kutatsimikiziridwa mokwanira zili mawu a Davide Mermin-: "Khalani chete ndipo masamu!", Chomwe nthawi zambiri zimachitika Richard Feynman kapena Paulo Dirac.