Organic umagwirira ndi fizkolloidnaya: kufotokoza, zolinga ndi maonekedwe

Fizkolloidnaya umagwirira - sayansi kuti amaphunzira thupi katundu ndi mankhwala a zochitika padziko ndi kumwazikana kachitidwe.

chimatanthauza

Fizkolloidnaya umagwirira kugwirizana ndi kachitidwe omwazika. Pansi iwo zimatanthawuza kuti boma limene zinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo anamwazikana (zosamveka) boma ndi kulemera zinthu chachiwiri. Gawo akutchulidwa ngati inasokoneza omwazika gawo. Kupezeka sing'anga akutchedwa chilengedwe imene mawonekedwe zosamveka ndi gawo discontinuous.

Kumamatira ndi pamwamba zochitika

Fizkolloidnaya umagwirira kuganizira zochitika padziko wochitika pa mawonekedwe a machitidwe osiyanasiyana.

Pakati pawo tiona:

• wetting;
• zimaonekera mavuto;
• kumamatira.

Mankhwala kusanthula Fizkolloidnaya zofunika njira luso za zimbudzi, kuyeretsa mpweya, patsogolo pa mchere, zitsulo kuwotcherera, coloration pamalo osiyana, kondomu, kukonza pamalo.

mavuto padziko

umagwirira Organic ndi fizkolloidnaya kufotokoza zochitika zikuchitika pa mawonekedwe. Tikatha kupenda dongosolo chomwe mpweya ndi madzi. Per molekyulu, umene uli mkati dongosolo, magulu kukopa kanthu pa gawo yapafupi mamolekyulu. Per molekyulu, limene lili padziko, komanso amatha mphamvu, koma sikuti kulipidwa.

Chifukwa chake n'chakuti m'chigawo gaseous wa mtunda wa pakati mamolekyulu ndi opondapo mphamvu pafupifupi kochepa. Kuthamanga mkati mwa kuyesa kumangitsa kuya kwa mamolekyulu madzi, chifukwa mu psinjika a.

Kuti akonze pamwamba mawonekedwe latsopano Mwachitsanzo, mu anatambasula filimu, m'pofunika kuti agwire ntchito ndi kuthamanga mkati. Pakati pa mphamvu mwakhama ndi kuthamanga mkati ubwenzi mwachindunji alipo. mphamvu ndi anaikira mu mamolekyulu ndi ili pamwamba pa madzi, pamwamba ufulu mphamvu imatengedwa.

Chikhazikitso yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe

Waukulu ntchito fizkolloidnoy umagwirira zikuphatikizapo mawerengedwe a maikwezhoni thermodynamic. Malinga anachita mu funso, tingadziwire kuthekera pakuwonekera kwake lachibadwa.

Chifukwa kusakhazikika thermodynamic njira otaya machitidwe amene amagwirizana ndi kukulitsa particles, limodzi ndi kuchepetsa mawonekedwe.

Zifukwa kusintha boma thermodynamic

Kodi kuganizira zinthu mavuto padziko?

Choyamba nkofunika kuunikila chikhalidwe cha thunthu. Mavuto padziko mwachindunji ndi mbali ya gawo condensed. Ndi kuwonjezeka polarity mu mankhwala kumachitika mavuto mphamvu kuwonjezeka.

Boma la mawonekedwe amakhudza gawo ndi kutentha. Mu nkhani ya kuchuluka kwa kuchepa thunthu la asilikali wochititsa pakati pa particles munthu.

The ndende ya zinthu kusungunuka mu madzimadzi mayeso, nawonso amakhudza boma la dongosolo thermodynamic.

Pali mitundu iwiri ya zinthu. TID (pamwamba-anafooka chuma) kuonjezera pa ukulu wa mavuto a njira poyerekeza ndi zosungunulira abwino. zomangira ndi electrolytes amphamvu. Surfactants (padziko wothandizila yogwira) kuchepetsa ukulu wa mavuto pa mawonekedwe mu njira chifukwa. Ndi kuwonjezeka zinthu izi mu njira zimawonedwa, maganizo awo mu wosanjikiza pamwamba pa njira. Kumalo ozizira mankhwala organic ndi zidulo, alcohols. Iwo wapangidwa ndi magulu kumalo ozizira (kwa amino, carboxyl, hydroxo) ndi nonpolar hydrocarbon unyolo.

sorption Features

Fizkolloidnaya zimapangidwira (zinthu) zikuphatikizapo chigawo zokhudza njira sorption. Kumamatira - ndondomeko kusintha mowiriza mu wosanjikiza pamwamba ndende chinthu ndi ulemu kwa ndalama zawo mu buku gawo.

The adsorbent ndi mankhwala yomwe ikuchitika padziko mvula. Adsorbate - chinthu angathe mafunsidwe. Adsorbate - woterowu zakuthupi. Desorption - ndi n'zosiyana ndondomeko ya kumamatira.

mitundu ya sorption

Mphunzitsi fizkolloidnoy Chemistry imakamba awiri mitundu kumamatira. Pankhani ya thupi nthunzi mafunsidwe ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mwana kuchuluka kwa mphamvu imene angafanane ndi kutentha condensation. Zimenezi ndi kusintha. kumamatira Izi amachepetsa kuwonjezeka kutentha kumawonjezera liwiro la ndondomeko n'zosiyana (desorption).

Mankhwala kumamatira ndi kulisiya chimake, padziko osasiya adsorbate ndi pamwamba pawiri. Mu chemisorption kutentha ndi mkulu, ndi mwachinsinsi ndi kukula kwa muyezo enthalpy mapangidwe. Ndi kukula kutentha kumawonjezera chemisorption index kumawonjezera zimachitika pakati pa zinthu.

Mwachitsanzo ife kutchula kumamatira kwa mpweya chemisorption a padziko zitsulo kwa mpweya, amafufuza fizkolloidnaya zimapangidwira. Ntchito ndi njira Nthawi zambiri ndi mavuto mtengo mtima zikuchitika pa mawonekedwe pakati pa TV awiri.

Kuti quantitatively pofotokoza kumamatira kutchulidwa, ntchito kumamatira mtheradi. Izi zikusonyeza kuchuluka kwa adsorbate (mu mol) pa wagawo m'dera anatengedwa adsorbent. Mu fizkolloidnoy mapulani Chemistry monga mtima kachulukidwe ya mtengo uwu.

Kaperekedwe adsorbents

Thupi ndi colloid Chemistry amasamalirira wapadera kwa kusanthula mitundu ya adsorbents ndi ntchito zawo zothandiza. Malinga ndi kukula kwa pamwamba adsorbent, mwina milingo yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu adsorbed. The adsorbents asonyeza kupeza zinthu ndi pamwamba anayamba: colloids, ufa, reagents porous.

Monga maziko a makhalidwe kachulukidwe wa adsorbents secrete enieni padziko m'dera ndi porosity. Ubwino woyamba limasonyeza chiŵerengero ya kulemera pamwamba adsorbent. Khalidwe chachiwiri adzatenge makhalidwe a dongosolo lake.

Mu umagwirira colloid kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri adsorbents. Non-porous mankhwala analengedwa ndi particles olimba n'kupanga porous kapangidwe "fumbi zakulera" ndi kulongedza katundu wandiweyani. Monga intervals yaitali pakati pa iwo kumachita pakati pa mbewu ya mankhwala. Kapangidwe kungakhale micro- kapena macroporous dongosolo. adsorbents porous nyumba amene wapangidwa mbewu ndi porosity mkati.

Mu umagwirira thupi chimanena mapangidwe kachitidwe coarse. Iwo ufa nyimbo zimene anapanga ku mbewu kapena ufa mu kukanikiza wa kulongedza katundu wawo wandiweyani mu chubu. Machitidwe chifukwa ndi zina zokhudza thermodynamic, kuphunzira umene uli chinthu chachikulu zimapangidwira fizkolloidnoy.

Pali ndondomeko Unit (amaganizira chikhalidwe cha adsorptive) pa amaayoni, maselo, colloidal kumamatira. Maselo ndondomeko kugwirizana ndi njira za electrolytes ofooka kapena dielectrics. Zimachitika kumamatira kwa solutes padziko lapansi adsorbent olimba.

Part pa malo yogwira padziko adsorbent wotanganidwa ndi tinthu zosungunulira. Ndi ndime ya ndondomeko mafunsidwe ndi adsorptive mamolekyulu zosungunulira kuchita mpikisano.

Pomaliza

Thupi ndi colloid Chemistry mbali zofunika zimapangidwira. Iwo anafotokoza njira zoyambirira kunachitika njira kulola kuwerengetsera zedi kutentha panamveka (odzipereka) mu mapangidwe zinthu zatsopano. Lamulo zofunika ntchito kuchita kuwerengetsera kachulukidwe, lamulo la Hess. Izo zikugwirizana angapo thermodynamic makhalidwe chibadidwe zinthu: enthalpy, mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito, mphamvu. The ndondomeko thermodynamic mapangidwe mankhwala zovuta kwa (koyamba) zigawo yosavuta tinganene kuti mwalamulo Hess. kuwerengetsera The n'zotheka kudziwa Mwachangu kwa ndondomekoyi.