Iron: kapangidwe ka atomu, ndi chiwembu ndi zitsanzo. Kapangidwe zamagetsi la atomu chitsulo

Taonani dongosolo zamagetsi la atomu chitsulo, komanso malo ake mu tebulo nthawi. Kudziwa kiyi thupi katundu ndi mankhwala zinthu m'munda wa ntchito.

Zimene zikuchitika ku SS

Iron ndi mbali D-8 gulu (kusintha gulu). 26 ali ndi chiwerengero siriyo, wachibale atomiki misa - 56, mu atomu ake lili 26 mapulotoni, 26 ma elekitironi, ndi 30 neutrons. zitsulo uyu ali ndi reactivity mkulu, zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho kuchepetsa katundu. Chitsanzo makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2, +3.

Features ya kapangidwe ka maatomu

ndi amagetsi Kodi chithunzi cha kapangidwe ka atomu ya chitsulo? Ngati tikulingalira kufalitsa ma elekitironi madzi a mphamvu timapeza chimake zotsatirazi:

2e; 8e; 14 mauthenga; 2e. Chotero Kapangidwe ka elekitironi chigoba cha atomu ya chitsulo umboni malo ake mu magulu boma zikutsimikizira a m'banja la Dr. zinthu.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Iron ndi imodzi mwa ambiri mwachibadwa zikuchitika zinthu mankhwala. Mu kutumphuka kuchuluka wokhutira ndi za 5.1%. Zambiri mu kuya kwa dziko lathu pali zinthu zitatu zokha: pakachitsulo, zotayidwa, oxygen.

Iron ores zimapezeka m'madera osiyanasiyana a Dziko Lapansi. Asayansi anapezeka pawiri wa zitsulo izi m'nthaka. Kupanga zitsulo amusankha zimene zili kuposa 30 peresenti.

Chitsulo maginito lili makumi awiri peresenti ya zitsulo. madipoziti Basic magnetite zili Kursk maginito anomalies, komanso ku Southern Ural. Mu bloodstone kuchuluka chitsulo ukufika 65 peresenti. Hematite anapezeka m'dera Krivoy Rog.

Mtengo nyama ndi zomera

Kodi ntchito ku zamoyo zina, amachita chitsulo? Kapangidwe ka atomu limafotokoza katundu zobwezeretsa. Izi amafotokozera mankhwala ndi mbali ya hemoglobin, kuwapatsa iwo chosiyana mtundu wofiira. About atatu magalamu a chitsulo woyera, kwambiri chimene mbali hemoglobin, anapeza mu thupi la munthu wamkulu. Cholinga chachikulu ndi kusamutsa kwa zimakhala za mapapo mpweya yogwira ndi kusiya mpweya woipa anapanga.

Amafunika zitsulo ichi ndi zomera. Monga mbali ya cytoplasm, iwo amatenga nawo mbali mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis. Ngati mbewu Osasita zokwanira, masamba ndi mtundu woyera. Ndi kuvala salt kochepa zomera chitsulo masamba kutembenukira wobiriwira.

thupi katundu

Takambirana pa kapangidwe ka atomu ya chitsulo. dera akutsimikiza kuti zachitsulo luster mchitidwe (likupezeka valence ma elekitironi). Mu zitsulo mfundo siliva woyera ndi mkulu limatsogolera (1539 madigiri Celsius). Chifukwa ductility wabwino wa zitsulo mosavuta pakubwezeretsa, mitundu, kulipira.

Luso magnetization ndi demagnetization khalidwe la chitsulo, anaipanga iyo kukhala nkhani yabwino kwa kupanga mitima yamphamvu electromagnets mu magalimoto osiyana ndi magalimoto magetsi.

Kodi yogwira chitsulo? Kapangidwe limasonyeza pamaso pa atomu pa mlingo lakunja kwa ma elekitironi awiri amene adzapatsidwa mu njira ya mankhwala anachita. Kuonjezera kuuma ake ndi mphamvu, ndi kuchita zina anagubuduza wouma zitsulo. njira amenewa limodzi ndi kusintha kapangidwe ka maatomu.

mitundu chitsulo

Kapangidwe zamagetsi la atomu chitsulo, chiwembu chimene ankakambirana pamwambapo anafotokozera makhalidwe ake mankhwala. Mu zitsulo malonda woyera, umene ndi zitsulo otsika mpweya amene chigawo chachikulu ndi chitsulo. Monga zonyansa ananena zokhudza 0,04 peresenti mpweya, mulinso phosphorous, asafe, sulfure.

chitsulo mankhwala koyera pa magawo ake akunja ofanana pulatinamu. Iwo ali kukana mkulu njira dzimbiri, khola ku zidulo. Pa zosafunika pang'ono tikuuzidwa mu zitsulo choyera makhalidwe yake yapadera kutha.

mungachite kuti

Kapangidwe ka zotayidwa ndi chitsulo maatomu wachokera amphoteric amasonyeza subgroup waukulu zotayidwa, n'zotheka ntchito mu ndondomeko yolekanitsa chitsulo ku oxides ake. Aluminothermy ikuchitika pa kutentha okwera, chimathandiza kuonetsetsa zitsulo choyera kuchokera ores achilengedwe. Kuwonjezera zotayidwa monga amphamvu kuchepetsa wothandizila amusankha wa hydrogen, ndi okusayidi mpweya (2) ndiponso malasha.

katundu makamaka mankhwala

ndi katundu mankhwala chitsulo ndi chiyani? Kapangidwe ka atomu akulongosola zochita zake kuchepetsa. Pakuti chitsulo, yodziwika ndi mapangidwe Nkhani ya mankhwala okhala ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +2, +3.

Mu mpweya chinyezi, pali ndondomeko dzimbiri (dzimbiri) zitsulo, chifukwa mu mapangidwe hydroxide zachitsulo (3). Ndi mpweya usavutike chitsulo waya amachitira mkubwela kwa wakuda chitsulo okusayidi ufa (2.3), kutchedwa chitsulo okusayidi lonse.

Pa zitsulo mkulu kutentha angathe yatikhudza ndi nthunzi ya madzi, potero kupanga okusayidi losanganikirana. ndondomeko limodzi ndi kusanduka wa hydrogen.

Chisoni ndi sanali zitsulo kumachitika kokha pa Kutentha kuyambirira zigawo zikuluzikulu likuyamba.

Iron akhoza zidzasungunuka mu sulfuric kuchepetsa kapena zidulo hydrochloric popanda preheating kusakaniza. Anaikira sulfuric acid amathiridwa passivate zitsulo.

Kodi aliyense ali mankhwala katundu chitsulo? Kapangidwe ka atomu ya mchitidwe limasonyeza ntchito zake pafupifupi. Tsambali lili anatsimikizira chitsulo ndi wa hydrogen (H2) mu mndandanda electrochemical. Choncho, tingathe aithamangitse ku salt zitsulo onse, zomwe zili kumanja mu mzere Beketova. Choncho, anachita ndi mkuwa (2) ikuchitika pansi Kutentha, ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zamkuwa koyera ndi kupeza ferric kolorayidi njira (2).

ofunsira

The mbali yaikulu ya chitsulo okwana ntchito yopanga zitsulo ndi zitsulo. Chiwerengero chitsulo mpweya okhutira peresenti 3-4 mu zitsulo - osati maperesenti oposa 1.4. Izi amafotokozera nonmetal amachita ntchito ya utithandize kulumikiza mphamvu. Komanso, ndithu amakhudza dzimbiri katundu wa kasakaniza wazitsulo kumawonjezera kukaniza zakuthupi ndi kutentha okwera.

vanadium zina zofunika kusintha mawotchi mphamvu ya chitsulo. Chromium kumawonjezera kukaniza mankhwala aukali.

Ferromagnetic katundu elementi mankhwala anamveketsa ambiri mu ntchito mafakitale, kuphatikizapo electromagnets lapansi. Komanso, zitsulo anapeza ntchito makampani kachikumbutso. A m'munsi yopangira alendo osiyanasiyana maginito ngati zokongola firiji.

Mphamvu ndi ductility kulola kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo kwa chilengedwe cha zida, zida zosiyanasiyana.

Ferric mankhwala enaake (3) ntchito yoyeretsa madzi zosafunika. Mankhwala 26 mchitidwe nthawi tebulo ntchito mankhwala a matenda monga magazi m'thupi. Mu chochitika cha kusowa kwa maselo ofiira pali kutopa, khungu kuyang'ana unnaturally wotumbululuka complexion. Kukonzekera chitsulo kuthandiza kuthetsa izi zingachitikire, kubwerera thupi zinthu bwinobwino. Iron n'lofunika makamaka ntchito za chithokomiro England, chiwindi. Kotero kuti thupi la munthu si vuto lalikulu, zimawononga zokwanira tsiku 20 mg wa zitsulo.