Wachibale atomiki misa inaŵerengeredwa khama asayansi angapo

Aliyense mankhwala si chinthu cholimba, tichipeza particles ang'onoang'ono zomwe zimapanga molekyulu. Mamolekyulu maatomu. Kuchokera pamenepa tinganene kuti Mzimuyo unyinji wa mankhwala akhoza zimaonetsa mamolekyulu ndi maatomu m'gulu zinthu. Pa nthawi imodzi, ndipo ambiri a ntchito za Lomonosov inawala nkhaniyi. Komabe, ambiri chidwi naturalists nthawi zonse chidwi funso ili: "Kodi mayunitsi amalifotokoza misa maselo, unyinji wa atomu?"

Koma choyamba, pang'ono wofufuza mbiri

M'mbuyomu pa unit wa misa nthawi zonse anatengedwa atomu wa hydrogen kulemera (H). Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi, ife anapanga kuwerengetsera zonse zofunikira. Komabe, ambiri mwa mankhwala azipereka m'chilengedwe mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala mpweya Koma atomu masamu misa mchitidwe mwachibale kwa mpweya (O). Amene ali omangika ndithu, kotero iwo ankayenera kuti n'komwe mu mawerengedwe a zonse chiŵerengero A: N 16: 1. Kuwonjezera apo, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti inaccuracy mu alionse, ndi kwenikweni wofanana 15,88: 1 ndi 16: 1.008. Kusiyana amenewa achititsa kuti atembenuke atomiki misa kwa zinthu zambiri. Anaganiza kuti tichoke pafupi 16 kulemera phindu, ndi H - 1.008. pofuna kukwaniritsa sayansi kwachititsa kuti Kuwulura chikhalidwe cha mpweya wa. Anapeza kuti mpweya molekyulu ali isotopes zingapo ndi khwimbi 18, 16, 17. sayansi savomereza ntchito mayunitsi ndi kufunika pafupifupi. Choncho, mamba awiri kulemera ya atomiki inakhazikitsidwa: mu umagwirira ndi sayansi. Only mu 1961, asayansi kuona kuti m'pofunika kuti akonze lonse umodzi, umene ntchito mu tsiku lathu pansi pa dzina la "mpweya unit." Chifukwa, wachibale atomiki kulemera kwa chinthu akuimira ndi mpweya atomu mu mayunitsi kulemera.

Njira mawerengedwe

Misa molekyulu tichipeza misa chilichonse thunthu la maatomu omwe zimapanga molekyulu izi. Tinganene kuti unyinji wa molekyulu kuti lofotokozeredwa m'njira mayunitsi mpweya, komanso unyinji wa maatomu, i.e., wachibale atomiki misa anatsimikiza mogwirizana ndi wachibale misa maselo. Monga amadziwika pogwiritsa ntchito Chilamulo Avogadro a tingadziwire chiwerengero cha maatomu mu molekyulu ndi. Kudziwa chiwerengero cha maatomu ndi tinthu wa misa, tingathe kuwerengera misa atomiki. Pali njira zambiri tanthauzo. Mu 1858 godu Cannizzaro akufuna njira limene wachibale atomiki kulemera anatsimikiza zinthuzo zimene angathe kupanga pawiri gaseous. Komabe, ichi alibe luso zitsulo. Choncho, njira anasankhidwa kuti mtima wa misa zawo atomiki, ntchito kudalira atomiki misa ndi kutentha mphamvu thunthu. Koma njira zonse pamwamba kungopereka pafupifupi mfundo za misa atomiki.

Mmene inaŵerengeredwa misa enieni ma atomu a mchitidwe wa?

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wasayansi wa mfundo izi pafupifupi zingadziŵike zolondola. Kuchita izi, kokha phindu mukufuna kuyerekeza ndi ofanana ndi. mchitidwe ofanana wofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha wachibale atomiki misa amafotokozera kuti valence pawiri ake. chiŵerengero Izi zinanenedweratu zolondola wachibale atomiki misa aliyense amafotokozera.