Kodi DNA? Kalasi 6, ndiye analilumpha? Koma musadandaule, ife tipeze yankho la funso limeneli, komanso kudziwa zofunika kuti zamoyo. ndi limagwirira la malawi ndi nyumba chiyani?
A MPATUKO ang'onoang'ono
DNA ndi mbali yofunika ya limagwirira la jini lapansi. Amachita zinthu zapamwamba za DNA. Ena mavairasi ndi umodzi-Shackleton molekyulu, koma nthawi zambiri iwo dvutsepochnye ndipo liniya kapena anatsekedwa mphete. Koma DNA mu DNA yomwe imakhala okha basi zamoyo ma. Kutanthauza kusunga ichi mu mavairasi sanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse, popeza bakiteriya yokha akutumikira udindo umenewu. Pamene clotting mamolekyulu mu mwauzimu wina anakonza zambiri yaying'ono. DNA ndi lopangidwa chromatin. Izi CHIKWANGWANI wapadera amene anapangidwa eukaryotic DNA mphepo particles wapadera mapuloteni otchedwa histones. Iwo zili pambuyo imeneyi zina, kotero dongosolo khola analandira.
About DNA
Iwo waukulu structural zinthu za phata selo. Chifukwa kukhalapo luso kudziletsa kubereka, DNA amapereka ulalo majini pakati pa mibadwo. Tikumbukenso kusiyana kwa kutalika nyama osiyana ndi anthu: kukula awo akhoza zimasiyana tuzigawo twa kwa makumi microns. Monga zapansi mankhwala nucleoproteins kumanga ntchito zimene anapanga ku mapuloteni monga protamines ndi histones. DNA ndi mosalekeza mu phata selo. Ndipo inakwaniritsidwa uliwonse zotheka apamwamba a moyo. Kotero adawayika ananena zokhudza ali khromozomu maselo nyama, ndi chimodzimodzi chidaliro chomwecho akhoza zimachitika zomera. Yang'anani kunja pa zenera. Kodi mitengo kumuwona iye? Linden, thundu, birch, mtedza? Kapena mwina tchire currant ndi raspberries? Anafunsa za kumene DNA zomera zimene zakhala adazifuna, tinganene kuti iwo ali mu malo amodzi ndi nyama - mu mtima maselo.
Location ya DNA selo: kupanga chisankho
eukaryotes Multicellular ndiye mwini wake wa nambala diploid DNA. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku matupi a bambo ndi mayi. Kudzera njira ya meiosis iwo conjugated pamodzi. Imakhala otaya-kugawana malo - kusinthanitsidwa. N'zotheka milandu ndi Kumuyika DNA magazi. Izi ndi zofunika kuonetsetsa kugwira ntchito kwa majini maselo amene kugawaniza, ndipo ali mu mkhalidwe zina. Akuwuka mu izi ndi zotsatira kuti DNA opezeka phata, ndi kupitiriza ntchito m'magulu iwo alibe kusiya kunja. Kumene, kupeza zatsalira nyukiliotayidi mu selo pakokha zovuta. Koma nthawi zambiri, kapena matupi athu mu mitochondria, kapena mbali munthu wa onse, amene anaswa ndipo tsopano mu "ufulu akuyandama". Kukakomana ndi khromozomu zonse kunja phata zovuta. Ndipo ngati icho chikuchitika, ndiye chifukwa cha kuwonongeka thupi.
khromozomu akonzedwa
Kotero ife timachitcha kuchotsedwa DNA amene ali phata selo. Aliyense mtundu uli ndi khalidwe ndipo sadzatha yake anasiyira iye, amene anali atathana pa kusanduka. Zimakhala mitundu iwiri: umodzi (kapena haploid, opezeka mu maselo nyongolosi nyama) ndi iwiri (kapena diploid). Akhazikitsa nambala osiyana DNA kuti alipo. Choncho, ambiri a akavalo zofanana ndi awiri. Koma mu losavuta ndi ena zomera spore zobala, chiwerengero chawo angafikire zikwi. Mwa njira, ngati tikukamba za komwe DNA ndi zimapezeka mabakiteriya, tisaiwale kuti iwonso ali, monga ulamuliro, zili phata, koma n'zotheka ndi kuti "ufulu" tiwolokere ku cytoplasm lapansi. Koma izi amangonena za zokhala ndi selo imodzi. Ndipo iwo amasiyana osati chiwerengero komanso kukula. Anthu, pali ya DNA 46.
The kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe DNA ndi
Mwachindunji zokhudzana helix awo. Choncho, pamene iwo ali mu interphase sitepe, amapezeka kukodzedwa. Koma pachiyambi cha ndondomeko DNA kugawikana kuyamba tima adzafupikitsidwa mwa kuchititsa helix ake. Mlingo wapamwamba wa boma imagwera pa siteji metaphase. Iwo anapanga yochepa ndi wandiweyani kapangidwe. Metaphase khromozomu aumbike ku chromatids awiri. Izi nayenso ali wapangidwa otchedwa yarns pulayimale (chromonemata).
DNA munthu
Iwo ikhoza kusintha kutengera malo malo a centromere (chachikulu constriction). Ngati chigawo ichi atayika, ndiye DNA kutaya luso lawo kugawikana. Ndipo chachikulu constriction limagaŵikira asakhale ndi vutoli mu awiri mapewa. Akhoza kupanga yachiwiri (Pankhaniyi chifukwa imatchedwa kachipangizo). Uliwonse ali zamoyo yake yeniyeni (numerically, ndi kukula kapena mawonekedwe) waika DNA. Ngati ndi awiri, izo amatchedwa karyotype a.
The chromosomal chiphunzitso cha chibadwa
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, galimoto imene yatchedwa ID Chistyakov mu 1874. Mu 1901 Wilson anafotokoza pamaso pa kufanana makhalidwe awo. Kenako maganizo awo pa Mendeleev chibadwa zinthu mu meiosis ndi umuna, ndipo anazindikira kuti chibadwa ili DNA. Pa zaka 1915-1920 mwa Morgan ndi ndodo yake udindo uwu zatsimikiziridwa. Iwo localize majini mazana angapo mu DNA ya Drosophila kupanga loyamba mapu chibadwa. Data analandira pa nthawi ino Anakhalanso maziko chitukuko wotsatira wa sayansi umenewu. Komanso pa maziko a zimenezi anayamba kupanga ndi chiphunzitso chromosomal cha chibadwa chimene maselo ndi tizilombo lonse kupitiriza anaonetsetsa zikomo kwa atolankhani awa.
mipweya
Research anapitiriza, ndi pa zatsopano amuzolengedwa ndi cytochemical mu zaka 30-50 ya atumwi otsiriza, anapezeka kuti iwo imakonzedwa. zikuchokera awo ali motere:
- mapulotini Basic (histones ndi protamines).
- DNA.
- Negistonnye mapuloteni.
- Variable zigawo zikuluzikulu. Iwo atumikire monga mapuloteni acidic ndi RNA.
DNA anapanga wa filaments dezoksiribonukleoproteidnyh. Iwo akhoza olumikizidwa kwa milimo ya. Mu 1953, kukonza anapeza DNA ndi kusanthula limagwirira wa autoreproduction ake. Kudziwa wabweza za malamulo nuclein anatumikira monga maziko zikamera wa sayansi yatsopano - chibadwa. Tsopano ife sikuti tikungodziwa kumene mu cell ndi DNA, komanso ndi lingaliro la zimene anapanga. Pamene yachibadwa tsiku ndi tsiku kukambirana ndi kulankhula za cholowa zida, kawirikawiri zikutanthauza imodzi DNA, koma inu mukudziwa chinachake tsopano kuti kuli kokha wake gawo.
DNA kugonana
Majini amene ali ndi udindo kwa theka la nyama ndi (ndi anthu makamaka), ndi nsapato zapadera. Pangakhale zina za gulu limene zonse anatsimikiza ndi chiŵerengero cha mtundu uliwonse DNA kugonana. Nyama zomwe imeneyo mtundu, wotchedwa autosomes. Mwa anthu, chimodzimodzi (ndi nyama zina komanso) kugonana mkazi anatsimikiza ndi DNA yemweyo, amene amatchedwa X. achimuna amagwiritsa X ndi Y. Koma zimene amasankha zimene kugonana mwana? Poyamba okhwima wamkazi chonyamulira (dzira), zomwe accommodates H. pansi A nthawi zonse limadalira nkhani za spermatocytes lapansi. Iwo ali ofanana chiwerengero (kuphatikiza / opanda) zili zonse X ndi Y DNA. Ofalitsa nkhani, amene adzakonza umuna woyamba, ndipo zimadalira kugonana mwanayo. Motero, kungakhale kapena wamkazi (XX) kapena mwamuna (XY). Kotero, ife osati anapeza kumene DNA anthu, komanso anachitira ndi makhalidwe a Kusinthaku awo ndi osakaniza kulenga latsopano chamoyo. Tikumbukenso kuti ndondomeko imeneyi ndi pang'ono thandizo pa njira chosavuta cha moyo, Choncho, kudziwa zimene amakonda ndi utuluke, mungaone kuti kusiyana kwa amene akufotokozedwa pano chitsanzo.
uziyenda
Chromosomal DNA akhoza ankayimiridwa ngati masanjidwewo, umene ukugwira ntchito lithe yeniyeni mamolekyulu Mtumiki RNA. Komabe, ndondomeko izi zichitike pokhapokha ngati ena despiralization gawo. Kulankhula zokhuza kuthekera ntchito jini kapena DNA lonse, tisaiwale kuti zinthu zina zofunika ntchito zawo. Mwina munamvapo za insulin? Jini udindo kupanga ake, ali mu thupi la munthu. Koma amene adamulowetsa ndipo angathe kugwira ntchito kokha pamene muli maselo bwino kuti alenge kapamba. Ndipo Zikatero zambiri. Ngati ife kulankhula za chowasiyanitsa ku kagayidwe wa khromozomu lonse, ndiye n'zotheka kukumbukira mapangidwe kugonana chromatin thupi.
DNA anthu
Mu 1922 Peytnerom wakhala hypothesized kuti munthu 48 DNA. Ndithudi, izo sizinali anati balamanthu, ndi zochokera deta yeniyeni. Koma mu 1956, asayansi Turo ndi Levan ntchito njira zatsopano za kafukufuku matupi a anthu, chinapezeka kuti Ndipotu munthu ali DNA 46 okha. Iwo anapatsidwa kufotokoza karyotype wathu. Owerengeka nthunzi amapita ku imodzi makumi awiri ndi zitatu. Ngakhale awiri otsiriza zambiri sanagaŵiridwe angapo, ndipo payokha otchedwa, chimene anapanga.
Pomaliza
Choncho, tathandauzira wa nkhani, kodi ndi asakhale ndi vutoli kumene zili ndi m'mene tingamangire. Kumene, chamene anali matupi a anthu, koma akhala kuwunikira ndi nyama komanso zomera. Ife tikudziwa kumene mu cell ndi DNA, makamaka malo awo, komanso kusinthika ndi zotheka kuti angagwe nawo. Ngati ife kulankhula za matupi athu, ndiye kumbukirani kuti akhoza kukhala m'madera ena osati pachimake. Koma pano n'chakuti, kodi mwana akutsutsa mmene kuti pali mu DNA lapansi. Ndipo chiwerengero cha pokha sikudalira kwambiri makhalidwe a chamoyo. Choncho, kumuuza za kumene DNA khungu zomera ndi zamoyo nyama, ife tikukhulupirira kuti ntchito yathu inatha.