Kodi kuphunzira ethnography? ntchito ethnography

M'nkhani ino yankho la funso limene kuphunzira ethnography. Ife angakuuzeni mwatsatanetsatane za sayansi, ife akulozera ena mbali yake adzakhala kutsimikizira kufunika ndi tanthauzo.

Kodi kuyamba yankho la funso kuphunzira ethnography? Ndi mtima wa mtengo cha dzina lake. Ethnography - sayansi kuti Maphunziro a mitundu ina. "Mtundu" amatanthauza Greek "fuko", "anthu" ndi "Chiwerengero" - Ndikulemba. Choncho, m'lingaliro lenileni la mutu wa sayansi izi zikhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "malongosoledwe a mitundu." Ndi chitsanzochi, mwachitsanzo, petrography - ikulongosola za miyala, malo - ikulongosola za dziko lapansi, etc. Koma sayansi mwangwiro logwirizana kulibe ... Kumasulira kwa aliyense wa iwo - ichi ndi maziko zake, mu nzeru ya malamulo a chitukuko cha chodabwitsa ndi chinthu. Mwachitsanzo, malo amadziwa mtunda, zomera, nyengo, zinyama ndi anthu ena. Kumbali ya ubale wawo, Pantchito za chitukuko. akudziwa malamulo, tikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito chuma cha chikhalidwe mu utumiki wa anthu.

Kupatula chakuti amaphunzira ethnography sayansi, tisaiwale kuti nawonso osati mmene anthu okhala pa dziko lapansi. Iye akudziwa malamulo ndi zomwe zinapangidwa otukuka, komanso zifukwa zomwe mtundu wina isiyana ndi mzake. akhoza linachokera pa maziko a tanthauzo zotsatirazi: ethnography - ndi kuphunzira anthu, kutsegula njira zovuta za chitukuko.

Zikamera wa ethnography

Ngakhale deta leni kenako anapanga maziko a ethnography, kwa nthawi yaitali anayamba kusonkhanitsa ndi kuwunjikana, iye wakhala anatuluka ngati sayansi wodzilamulira okha m'ma 19. Chinthu maphunziro ake atangokhala umoyo-mbiri zamoyo (sotsiory) - payekha anthu ndi, amene akupitirizabe kukhala wosazindikira pa nthawi yatsoka sayansi imeneyi. Komanso, ethnography anayamba kuphunzira osati okhulupirika monga mmene chikhalidwe cha magulu awa. Zakhala ndi akanali sayansi okha amene chinthu kuphunzira - chimangidwe achikale. Komabe, ethnography - sayansi kuti amaphunzira osati sotsiory yekha. Tingasiyanitsire osachepera awiri a chabe.

Awiri ethnographic chinthu

Mu zonse chisanadze capitalist anthu kalasi, kupatulapo akale, kwakhala ziwiri, koma osiyana zikhalidwe: osankhika (chikhalidwe cha chapamwamba) ndipo m'chinenero (pansi chikhalidwe). Last pa chitukuko kuwonongedwa, kusiyiratu yekha pansi bizinesi. Zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimatenga nthawi yaitali. Ndipo ndife chidwi sayansi kuyambira penipeni anayamba kuphunzira osati chikhalidwe cha wosazindikira, komanso anthu wamba, makamaka anthu wamba. Izi tiyenera kuziganizira kuyankha funso kuphunzira ethnography. Chidule zotsatirazi pamwamba: izo kuyambira pachiyambi wakhala chinthu 2 - wosazindikira ndi zolaula chikhalidwe.

Features chitukuko cha ethnography mu UK

Great Britain inali yaikulu Atsamunda pa nthawi yatsoka wa ethnography. A ambiri m'madera nayo mphamvu ndi boma, ndi ambiri a iwo anthu m'madera achikale. Koma anthu wamba mu UK zinafa pa nthawi ino. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko ethnography anayamba ngati sayansi polimbana ndi phunziro a anthu akale. Kafukufuku amene anali kugwirizana ndi zotsala za dziko wamba, chinkhoswe mu folklore ulamuliro. Komabe, asayansi British m'banda anakhala chidwi wamba kum'mawa m'madera amakodwa ndi boma UK, makamaka India (B. Baden-Powell, G. Mayne). Komabe, maphunziro awa ankatengedwa zambiri si ethnography. Komanso, chinthu iwo anali makamaka osauka alimi, osati chikhalidwe.

Ethnography ku Germany

Koma Germany, komanso anapanga view ake pa mfundo yakuti kuphunzira ethnography. Tanthawuzo la sayansi asayansi German ena angapo, amene Komabe, mosavuta anafotokoza. chakuti wamba anapitiriza kukhalapo m'dzikoli. Choncho yankho la funso lokhudza zimene ethnography maphunziro Germany anali woyamba otsatirawa: chikhalidwe folksy. Izo zinali kokha ndiye wayamba kutuluka sayansi wa magulu wosazindikira amene anali atamwalira Germany anakhala Atsamunda. Mwa njira, iwo anali wokongola mochedwa.

Chitukuko cha sayansi ya ethnography ku Russia

Features ya chitukuko cha dziko lathu anali ngati kuti wosazindikira ndi m'mphawi dziko osati pachokhapachokha, komanso kucheza ndi kudutsa mzake. Mzere wa pakati pa iwo ankakonda wachibale. Choncho, Russian asayansi anali dzina wamba sayansi (ethnology, kapena ethnography), koma mawu lapadera kwa amalanga awiri kuti ndizipange izo, izo sizinali.

Ethnology ndi mitundu ziphunzitso

Mu Ulaya, m'ma 19 atumwi, dzina lachiwiri la sayansi - ethnology. Kumasulira amatanthauza "Kuphunzira anthu." dzina Zimenezi n'zofunika kwambiri kusonyeza chikhazikitso cha chidwi kwa ife sayansi. Komabe, anatuluka mu Ulaya pamene ziphunzitso mitundu ndi amitundu anawagawa mafuko aakulu komanso otsika, anakhala ambiri. Otsika mitundu - ndi anthu athupi amene ali pa mlingo wochepa wa chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma. Alibe mbiri, ndipo ngakhale iye ali patsala zosadziwika. anthu awa ochepa okha kufotokoza, ndiko kuti, kukonza luso lawo moyo mu nthawi ino. Izi zili kuthana ndi sayansi monga ethnography.

Amitundu ali pa mkulu mlingo wa chikhalidwe komanso zachuma, ndi mbiri, ndi mbiri yaitali ndi zovuta. Kuphunzira n'kofunika, ndipo ntchito ethnology.

Ntchito mawu akuti "ethnography" ndi "ethnology"

Tikumbukenso kuti gulu la mitundu yonse pa mbiri ndi zachilengedwe, apamwamba m'munsi, asayansi ambiri sanamulandire. Sikulakwa iwo ankakhulupirira kuti pali sayansi imodzi yokha - m'mbiri, umene lagawidwa m'magawo 2: mbiri ya anthu ndi mbiri za chilengedwe. Anayamba pamene anthu adayima kuchokera mdziko nyama. Amaonekera ndi malamulo onse a chitukuko cha anthu. Choncho, kulekanitsa kwa anthu kuti zachilengedwe ndi mbiri alibe malo sayansi. Komabe, mawu akuti "ethnology" akadali mizu West kwa sayansi ya anthu. Mu Russia, chifukwa akuti ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito mawu akuti "ethnography". Komabe, tisaiwale kuti mawu awa ndi mu Russia ndi West padera zili chomwecho: izo akuphunzira, osati ikulongosola za anthu okhala pa dziko lapansi.

Pa msonkhano mu Alma-Ata, Conference Union mu 1990, anaganiza pogwirizanitsa mawu akuti amatanthauza sayansi ya anthu. Ethnography m'dziko lathu anayamba mwalamulo otchedwa ethnology. Komabe, mawu akuti "ethnography" anapulumutsidwa. Lero, ife timati "ethnographic owonetsera zakale", "ethnographic Maulendo" Choncho, ethnology ndi ethnography -. Kodi mawu awiri kuti atumikire udindo wa sayansi ya anthu.

Kusiyana pakati pa mitundu

Kukhala m'dziko la anthu amasiyana pamodzi mbali mitundu (thupi) - mu mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a tsitsi, khungu, kutalika, mu dongosolo la magawo zofewa ya nkhope, etc. Pa mfundo imeneyi, iwo zidzasankhidwa pa Mongoloid, Caucasoid, Negroid ndi osokonezeka racially .. ulemu. Anthropology thupi amachita ndi kuphunzira kusiyana pakati pa iwo.

Anthu a dziko zinenero zosiyanasiyana -. German, English, Russian ndi zinenero zina amaphatikizidwa mu zokhudzana mabanja chinenero. Zilankhulo chinkhoswe pa maphunziro awo. Ikufotokoza malamulo phonetics, mawu zinenero.

Anthu m'dziko la anthu komanso ndi dzina lina (Russian, Chitata, Georgia, ndi zina zotero. D.), Ubongo (I Byelorussian Ine Kyrgyzstan), ndi peculiarities wa psyche ndi lonse zovuta za zinthu chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chibadidwe aliyense wa iwo (zovala achilendo, pogona, miyambo mu chikhalidwe ndi banja moyo, ndi zina zotero. d.). Chifukwa cha ichi, fuko lirilonse akhoza kudzipatula wotuluka zina mwa zinthu sanali deta. Ethnology, kapena ethnography, wakhala kuphunzira kusiyana.

mbali fuko

Choncho, tingathe ankaganiza kuti chinthu kuphunzira ethnography wa sayansi - ndi anthu ndi phunziro - mbali yosiyanasiyana. Yotsirizira amatanthauza manyazi, zinthu zovuta za uzimu, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe chuma, makamaka maganizo ndi moyo, anayamba chifukwa cha nthaŵi yaitali m'mbiri. mbali zonse pamwamba kupanga onsewo chikhalidwe mtundu wa anthu. Ndi chinthu yaikulu ya sayansi monga ethnography.

Kuti tiyankhe funso chake m'pofunika kuphunzira peculiarities mtundu wa anthu, chikhalidwe chake.

Ethnography ndi History

Choyamba, chidziwitso cha iwo amatipatsa mwayi kuthetsa mafunso okhudza chiyambi chake, chitukuko mbiri. Mbiri ya anthu olembedwa zinthu ethnographic. Ziyenera kukhala okhoza kuwerenga. mbali Cultural ndi dera zonse kumagwirizana andale, azachuma, zinthu zachilengedwe. Choncho, lonse osiyanasiyana chikhalidwe ndi dera amasintha pamene pali kusintha zinthu izi. Chotero, podziwa moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akhoza kulankhula za masoka zinthu chirengedwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma chimene akhalipo. Zonse izi ndi zofunika kwambiri kumvetsa mizu ya chiyambi chake ndi chitukuko. Chifukwa chakuti ethnography zochimwazo kumathetsa zonse za izi, izo zikhoza kuganiziridwa sayansi mbiri. Zimatanthauza kuti ndi iye gulu udindo.

Ethnography - sayansi chikhalidwe

Komabe, phindu lake si zimene zanenedwa pamwambapa. Nkofunika kuti amaphunzira ethnography. Masulirani mwachidule tanthauzo lake ndi pa dzanja ena.

Chidziwitso cha moyo wadziko ndi chikhalidwe amapereka mwayi kudziwa lathu la njira zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe zikuchitika pa mphindi. Ndipo popanda kudziwa kwawo n'zosatheka kuchita chikhalidwe ndi umoyo ndi zachuma kusintha. Padziko lathuli, zonse anayenda zomwe zasintha nkhope ya chikhalidwe ndi gulu la anthu osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zina zimabweretsa kuti ena a iwo osaonekanso, ena anaonekera. Zonsezi zimachititsa ali umatchedwanso chakuti kuphunzira ethnography.

History amadziwa zitsanzo zambiri za kutha kwa mitundu ina ndi zikamera wa ena. Makamaka, analipodi Thracians, Gauls, Meshchera, Bulgars, Meria, ndi ena. Lero, iwo sali. French anaonekera, Bulgarians, Chitata ndi ena. Ichi ndi chifukwa njira mitundu, kwambiri unachitikira m'mbuyomu. Iwo m'masiku athu. Lathu akuyenera kudziwa kuti athe optimally kusamalira kampaniyo. chakuti underestimation chitukuko ndi chamoyo mumaganiza mitundu chimayambitsa mikangano mitundu, komanso zotsatira zina zoipa, omwe sachedwa Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe kupita patsogolo. vuto Izi anathana ndi sayansi ethnography, kupereka malo mupezeke ake mu mkombero wa sayansi chikhalidwe.

Ethnography ndi Ubale

Ndipo mavuto mwamsanga zachilengedwe lero kudziwa zofunika kwambiri makhalidwe chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana. Ndipotu zinthu zonsezi zimakhudza kwambiri malangizo a ntchito zachuma, amene nawonso, zimakhudza zachilengedwe ndi malo chilengedwe. Kusadziwa peculiarities chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, angathe saletsa zinthu malonda awo. Mwachitsanzo, musati lakuti anthu amangokhala woyendayendawu, anakhudzidwa mu zazikulu okhala m'phiri chigwa ndi T. D. ndi zinadzala ndi awiri abwino ndi zachuma. Sichangozi kuti m'nthawi yathu pali sayansi yatsopano - chilengedwe mitundu. Izo zikuwoneka pa zosiyanasiyana kulankhulana ndi anzake kumene kulipo pakati pa chilengedwe Hrs ndi munthu.

Ethnography ndi ndale

Koma uwu si yankho kwambiri ndi funso za tanthauzo la zimene akuphunzira ethnography. maphunziro 5 kalasi mbiri zambiri unachitikira mutu wakuti "ethnography", koma za izo chabe. Nthawiyi, mtengo wa sayansi ndi lalikulu kwambiri. Popanda lingaliro la peculiarities chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana a Dziko Lapansi, sikutheka kukhazikitsa zikulumikizana chikhalidwe, ndale ndiponso zachuma pakati pawo. Ndipo popanda sikutheka kulingalira osati chitukuko cha anthu, komanso linakhalapo kwambiri. Pofuna a m'dera wabwino ndi ubwenzi ndi mtundu uliwonse, m'pofunika kudziwa. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa zigawo ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa amakhala anthu, losiyana chikhalidwe ndi chinenero.

ethnography nyimbo

Pomaliza, tikuona kuti palinso imakhudzana ndi izi sayansi nkhani interdisciplinary, mmodzi amene - ndi ethnography nyimbo. Aluso mu luso kukonzekera mu conservatories. Mwina inu kale anaganiza, akuphunzira ethnography nyimbo? Olondola yankho - wowerengeka nyimbo. chilangochi ndi pa mphambano za nthano ethnography ndi musicology.

Monga mukuonera, ndiye, kuti amaphunzira ethnography, n'kofunika kwambiri mfundo za maganizo, ndipo m'madera angapo. Choncho, phindu la sayansi ndi lalikulu kwambiri ndipo izo nthawizonse zidzakhala zogwirizana.

Choncho, tinakambirana funso la kaya akuphunzira ethnography. Yankho, ndikuyembekeza inu kukhuta, ndipo mudziwe adzakhala zothandiza.