Chosakwanira ulamuliro - ndi chifukwa cha mogwirizana kwa alleles la jini wina

Chosakwanira ulamuliro - mtundu wapadera wa allele mogwirizana jini, mmene ofooka recessive khalidwe mwina kwathunthu kuletsedwa lalikulu. Malinga ndi malamulo, lotseguka Mendel, lalikulu kwathunthu limaleka chisonyezo cha recessive. kafukufuku aphunzira kutchulidwa zosiyana makhalidwe zomera ndi kusonyeza kapena allele lalikulu kapena recessive. Nthawi zina, Mendel anakumana ndi kulephera kwa malamulo, koma sanafotokoze iwo.

A njira yatsopano ya cholowa

Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha ana kudutsa tinatengera zizindikiro wapakatikati, amene sanalolere mawonekedwe homozygous la jini kholo. Chosakwanira ulamuliro sizinali mu zida mwa cilamulo mwa chibadwa kwa zaka za m'ma XX, pamene iwo anapeza malamulo Mendel a. Ndiye, ambiri asayansi zachilengedwe ikuchitika zatsopano majini ndi masamba ndi nyama zinthu (tomato, nyemba, hamsters, mbewa, zipatso ntchentche).

Pambuyo cytological chitsimikizo mu 1902, Walter Sutton Mendelian dongosolo mfundo za HIV ndi mogwirizana ndi zizindikiro anayamba kuwafotokozera udindo wa khalidwe la DNA selo.

Mu 1902 chomwecho Cermak Correns anafotokoza choncho pamene, atawoloka zomera ndi woyera ndi wofiira corolla ana anali maluwa a pinki mtundu - chosakwanira ulamuliro. Anasonyeza wa hybrids wa (genotype AA) khalidwe lomwe ndi wapakatikati wachibale homozygous lalikulu (AA) ndi recessive (AA) phenotypes. A kuchita chimodzimodzi wakhala anafotokoza kuti mitundu ya zomera maluwa: snapdragons, huwakinto, wokongola usiku, strawberries.

Chosakwanira ulamuliro - chifukwa kusintha kwa michere ntchito?

Limagwirira wa maonekedwe wa chimake lachitatu bokosi angafotokozedwe ku malo a ntchito za michere amene ali mapuloteni ndi chikhalidwe ndi majini kudziwa kapangidwe mapuloteni. Zomera ndi homozygous michere lalikulu genotype (AA) adzakhala okwanira kuchuluka kwa pigment udzatithandiza mlingo kuti intensively Amaipitsanso selo kuyamwa.

Homozygotes ndi recessive alleles (AA) pigment kaphatikizidwe wosweka whisk amakhalabe uncolored. Pankhani ya wapakatikati heterozygous genotype (AA), losokonekera lalikulu akadali amapereka ndalama zina za enzyme udindo mtundu, koma sikokwanira kwa mitundu yowala zimalimbikitsa. Likukhalira mtundu wa "theka."

Zizindikiro anatengera mtundu wapakatikati

Chotero cholowa chosakwanira inamva bwino pa mawu variable zizindikiro:

1. Mtundu mwamphamvu. William Bateson, anawoloka utoto nkhuku Andalusian mtundu kawetedwe ndi nthenga siliva. Mu tanthauzo la anthu diso Iris mtundu chipolopolo ndi pano yogwira limagwirira.
2. Mlingo wa kukula kwa zizindikiro. tsitsi anthu Amayesetsanso kuti chosakwanira cholowa khalidwe. Genotype AA amapereka tsitsi lopotana, AA - molunjika, ndi anthu alleles onse ndi tsitsi wavy.
3. Zoyezeka zizindikiro. kutalika tirigu khutu ndi tinatengera pamaziko a ulamuliro chosakwanira.

M'badwo F2 phenotypes chiwerengero chikugwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha genotypes uliri chosakwanira ulamuliro. Mayeso mtanda kudziwa hybrids safuna, choti iwo amaoneka osiyana ndi lalikulu mizere yoyera.

Pogawanikana pamawere pa zizindikiro ndizi

Complete ndi chosakwanira ulamuliro ngati mogwirizana jini kumachitika malinga ndi malamulo masamu a Mendel. Mbali yoyamba, chiŵerengero mu phenotypes F2 (3: 1) Kodi sizigwirizana ndi chiŵerengero cha genotypes mbewu (1: 2: 1) osakaniza monga phenotypically wa AA ndi AA alleles amaoneka chimodzimodzi. Ndiye chosakwanira ulamuliro - machesi mu F2 anapangira genotypes osiyana ndi phenotypes (1: 2: 1).

Mu sitiroberi mitundu Ine tinatengera chaka pamaziko a ulamuliro chosakwanira. Ngati kuwoloka mbewu ndi zipatso chofiira (AA) ndi zomera ndi zipatso zoyera - genotype AA, m'badwo woyamba wa zomera zonse analandira misapu ndi mtundu pinki (AA).

Hybrids ndi kuwoloka kuchokera F1, F2 mu mbadwa m'badwo wachiwiri kupeza ubale umene chikugwirizana ndi genotype kuti: 1AA + + 2Aa 1AA. 25% ya zomera wa m'badwo wachiwiri adzapereka zipatso ofiira ndi uncolored, 50% ya zomera - pinki.

A chimodzimodzi udzachitika ku mibadwo awiri ndi kudutsa mizere koyera ndi mitundu maluwa okongola usiku corolla wofiirira ndi woyera.

Features la cholowa mu nkhani imene imachititsa imfa

Nthawi zina, chiŵerengero cha phenotypes wa ana ndi kovuta kudziwa mmene chibadwa kucheza. Mu m'badwo wachiwiri ndi chosakwanira ulamuliro akuwaza kumasiyana ndi kuyembekezera 1: 2: 1 ndi 3: 1 - zonse. Izi zimachitika pamene wamphamvu kapena recessive khalidwe m'chigawo homozygous amapereka fenotayipi kuti si yogwirizana ndi moyo (woopsa majini).

Mu astrakhan nkhosa imvi mtundu wa nkhosa wongobadwa kumene amene homozygous kwa lalikulu allele mtundu, kufa chifukwa chakuti genotype ichi ndi kuphwanya m'mimba.

Anthu, chitsanzo cha imfa mawonekedwe lalikulu la jini ya - brachydactyly (korotkopalost). Zizindikiro wapezeka mu nkhani ya genotype heterozygous, pamene homozygotes lalikulu kufa pa magawo oyambirira chitukuko yoopsa.

Mwina tizilombo recessive alleles. Zenga selo magazi m'thupi zimayambitsa, mu nkhani ya alleles awiri recessive mu genotype, kuti apange kusintha erythrocytes. maselo mwazi sizingathe bwino Ufumuyo mpweya, ndi 95% ya ana ndi anomaly izi akuphedwa ndi mpweya njala. Mu heterozygotes ndi kusinthidwa mawonekedwe maselo a magazi si bwanji kumlingo pa viability lapansi.

Pogawanikana pamawere pamaso pa zizindikiro za chibadwa woopsa

Mu m'badwo woyamba, pamene anawoloka AA × AA imfa sizidzachitika, chifukwa ana onse adzakhala ndi AA genotype. Perekani zitsanzo za zizindikiro za akuwaza kwa milandu m'badwo wachiwiri majini woopsa:

Nkofunika kuzindikira kuti zotsatira pamene onse anali kuwotcha chosakwanira ulamuliro, ndipo zotsatira za kupondereza tsankho Mbali auka kwa mogwirizana mankhwala mbewu.