Kumeneko kumakula mapulala? Orchids kuthengo

Maluwa amaluwa amatha kukongoletsa nyumba iliyonse. Imawonjezera mtundu kwa mkati, kumapanga kumverera kwachidwi ndi ulesi. Koma aliyense amadziwa kuti orchid siinali nthawi zonse maluwa, mu chilengedwe pali mitundu yambiri ya kukongola uku. Kodi orchids amamera kuti kuthengo? Mudziko liti muyenera kupita kukasangalala ndi kukongola kwachilengedwe kwa chomera? Mafunso awa ndi ofunikira kupeza mayankho ambiri.

Kodi zomera izi ndi ziti?

Zokondedwa zathu za orchid ndi chimodzi mwa zomera zakale kwambiri. Kukhalapo kwawo kunatsimikiziridwa mu nyengo yowonjezereka ya Cretaceous. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi, banja la Orchids limatumizidwa ku Dipatimenti ya Tsvetkovsky, gulu la Monocotyledon, dongosolo la Asparagus zomera. Dzina lachilatini ndi Orchidáceae.

Zonsezi, mayina opitirira 35,000 a orchid amadziwika. Ndipotu, izi zimapanga gawo lachisanu ndi chiwiri la mitundu yonse ya dziko lapansi. Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndizodabwitsa mosiyana ndi mawonekedwe, mtundu ndi kukula. Ndiye ndi ndani, maluwa okongola? Kodi zimakula kuti (mayiko, makontinenti)? Kodi zimakhala zotani? Kodi kwadziwika bwanji kwa anthu?

Choyamba chimatchula

Ku Verona, pa zofukula za Monte Bols, zidutswa zakale kwambiri za orchid zinapezeka. Ndipo dzina la duwa linayambitsidwa ndi filosofi wachigiriki Theophrastus, amene anakhalako zaka mazana asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri BC. Katswiri wafilosofi wazomera anaphatikizapo mankhwala ovomerezeka pa botanic mankhwala, omwe amatchedwa De Historia Plantarum. Wasayansi wakale ankaganiza kuti ma tubercles awiri m'munsi mwa mizu ndi ofanana ndi mavenda a munthu, motero anatcha chomeracho "orchis" (m'Chigiriki chakale amatanthawuza "nyani"). M'masayansi asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito dzina limeneli mpaka pano, zomera zimatchedwa Orchid, kapena Yatryshnikovye.

Wasayansi Dioskrid, yemwe anali ndi moyo m'zaka za zana loyamba AD, amatchula orchids mu ntchito zake. Amanena kuti chomeracho chinkadziwika ndi Aaztec (Mexico), ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwa izo, makamaka vanila, kuti apange zakumwa zonunkhira.

Koma chiyambi choyamba pa kulima ma orchids chinalembedwa ku China m'zaka khumi ndi chimodzi. Panalibe zambiri zokhudzana ndi malo omwe amamera amakula, chogogomezera ndi momwe mungakongoletse nyumba yanu ndi maluwa ndikudzipulumutsa ku mizimu yoyipa.

Kugawa m'magulu

Popeza banja la zomera zimenezi ndi lalikulu, linapatulidwa m'magulu:

• Gulu la ma orchids omwe amapezeka pamitengo;
• Gulu la zomera za saprophytic zimakhala pansi pa nthaka;
• Gulu la ma orchids a padziko lapansi.

Ndipo tsopano, podziwa kuti ma orchids m'chilengedwe akhoza kukula musiyana, tingathe kuyankhula za kugawa kwawo.

Kufalitsa kwa orchid

Mitengo ya orchid imapezeka kumayiko onse. Osakhala ndi mwayi wokha Antarctica, koma kawirikawiri pali tugovato ndi zomera. Amayi ambiri amapezeka m'madera otentha. Izi ndi chifukwa cha malo abwino kwambiri okula. Kumadera otentha, chiwerengero chachikulu cha mitundu ya maluwa yamaluwa.

M'madera otentha, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosautsa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Iwo akhoza kukhala a rhizome ndi tuberous. Komabe, pali ma orchids ochepa pano kuposa m'madera otentha. Ngati tiganizira za kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, ndiye kuti m'madera otentha, omwe am'mera am'mwamba amakula, palibe magulu opitirira 75 omwe amapezeka. Izi ndi pafupifupi 10%. Ndipo m'madera otentha a Kummwera kwa dziko lapansi muli magulu 40 okha.

M'malo osungirako Soviet, mpaka 49 gera la Orchids angapezeke.

Asayansi anagawana mapulani a orchids m'madera a nyengo:

1. Yoyamba ikuphatikizapo Central America, South America, madera a Africa ndi madera ena omwe ali ofanana. Ndizofunda ndi kuzizira, zomwe zimakhala ngati ma orchids. Kumalo oyambirira pali oimira magulu onse.
2. Chigawo chachiwiri chimaphatikizapo mapiri, omwe ndi Andes, mapiri a Brazil, New Guinea, Malaysia, Indonesia. Kutentha kuno ndi kochepa kwambiri, koma chinyezi chiri chapamwamba. Pafupifupi onse oimira ma Orchids angakhalepo m'dera lachiwiri.
3. Mbali yachitatu ikuphatikizapo mitengo ndi steppes. Kwa ma orchid, mikhalidweyo ndi yosavomerezeka, koma ngakhale panthawi zovuta zomwe zilipo. Pali mitundu yochepa chabe ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso ya padziko lapansi.
4. Chigawo chachinayi cha nyengo chimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira. Orchids ndi ochepa. Mitundu yapadziko lapansi yokha.

Mapulogalamu a orchids

Mankhwala a orchids samafunika dziko lapansi kuti likule komanso zakudya. Mitengo ndi miyala, kumene ma orchid amakula, perekani kokha thandizo. Mizu ili mumlengalenga, komwe imalandira chinyezi komanso chakudya. Koma anthu ambiri ankaganiza kuti ma orchids amatha kupweteka pamtengo. Mitundu yambiri ya epiphytic imakhala ndi thickenings, yofanana ndi timachubu. Awa ndi mababu abodza (pseudobulbs) omwe zakudya ndi chinyezi zimadziunjikira.

Mitundu ya zomera za maluwa omwe amamera pamathanthwe amatchedwa lithophytes. Pa miyala nthawi zambiri amamera mitunduyo, yomwe imakhala m'mapiri ozungulira omwe alibe kuwala kokwanira. Mwachibadwidwe, lithophytic orchids m'chilengedwe zimakhalanso ndi mizu ya mlengalenga.

Saprophytic orchids

Iyi ndi gulu lalikulu la zomera, lokhala ndi mphukira yophweka popanda masamba, koma ndi mamba. Mapeto a kuthawa ndi maluwa a maluwa (m'nyumba zamkati zimakhala maluwa amodzi).

Chomera cha saprophytic pansi pa nthaka chilibe chlorophyll. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimachokera ku humus gawo lapansi. Nthaŵi zambiri zimangofanana ndi makungwa. Chidziwikiritso chake ndi kulephera kupanga mizu yatsopano. Rhizomes amathandiza madzi onse padziko lapansi, momwe zakudya zimasungunuka. Zomwe zimayambitsa kukula ndi zakudya za saprophytic orchids zimabweretsa bowa la mycosis.

Maluwa a orchid

Gulu la ma orchid padziko lapansi limakhala ndi masamba omwe ali ndi masamba obiriwira, mababu a pansi pa nthaka kapena mizu ndi mizu ya mizu. Mitundu yotereyi ikufala ku United States ndi Europe. Pano kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 50 cm.Koma kumadera otentha, kumene mapiri a orchid amakula, mitundu ya padziko lapansi ikhoza kukhala yayikulu kwambiri. Kawirikawiri amawoneka ngati akufalikira.

Mitundu ya orchids ya zamoyo zam'mlengalenga imakhala ndi mizu yambiri ya pansi kapena mizu ya mizu. Pambuyo pa nyengo yozizira, mphukira zatsopano zimakula kuchokera kuzilombo zazing'ono.

Wodziwika bwino - Phalaenopsis

Mitengo yotere imagulitsidwa m'masitolo ogulitsa maluwa padziko lonse lapansi. The orchid phalaenopsis ndi yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa amalima a maluwa . Kumeneko mitunduyi imakula mu chilengedwe, osati aliyense amadziwa. Koma za chisamaliro cha kunyumba kwa kukongola kwa chidziwitso, chokwanira. Tiyeni tibweretse mipata yolidziwa ndikugwirizanitsa ndi phalaenopsis zakutchire.

Mitunduyi imapezeka ku Southeast Asia ndi ku China. Zimapezeka ku Himalaya, Indochina, Malay Archipelago, ku Philippines. Limafotokoza gawo la Taiwan, New Guinea ndi Australia. Pa Sumatra ndi Islands Andaman pali madzi phalaenopsis. Mitengo ya monsoon imakonda kusonkhanitsa nkhalango, komanso nkhalango zamapiri ndi zamapiri. Phalaenopsis ndi gulu la epiphytic.

Dendrobium yabwino - orchid wolemekezeka

Kodi maluwa abwino otchedwa orchid dendrobium amawoneka bwanji? Kodi maluwa awa amakula kuti m'chilengedwe? Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Himalaya, mbali ya kumwera kwa China, kumpoto kwa India, Vietnam ndi Indonesia. Malo ogawawa akuphatikizapo gawo lakumwera la Eurasia. Zomera ndi gulu la epiphytic ndi lithophyte, koma mitundu ina ili padziko lapansi. Kuwoneka kwa ma ditalasi kumakhala kokongola kwambiri. Kuwombera kumakula kuchokera ku pseudobulbs, ndipo aliyense akhoza kupereka 10-20 maluwa. Chomeracho chimakhala ndi fungo labwino kwambiri.

Ng'ombe ndi America yonyezimira

Ng'ombe zabwino kwambiri zinabwera ku Ulaya mwangozi. Masamba ake ankagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chophimba chotsitsira ziphuphu zam'madzi. Chigawo ndi zomera chinatumizidwa kwa William Cattleya, yemwe anaiwala kutulutsa "phukusi". Ndiyeno chozizwitsa chinachitika - maluwa okongola anaonekera pa mulu wa zinyalala zobiriwira! Kuchokera apo, kuphunzira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma orchids. Pakadali pano, mitundu yoposa 60 ya orchids ya mtundu uwu imadziwika.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Cattleya imafuna nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Central ndi South America, kumene mtundu wa orchid umakula, uli ndi malo omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa boma. Mitundu ina imakhala m'mabasi a Amazon, kumene chinyezi chimatha kufika kufika 100%. Zina zimafuna malo owuma ndi dzuwa. Mitundu yochepa ya Cattleya imakula m'mapiri a ku Brazil, komwe kutentha kwa nyengo yachisanu ndi pafupifupi 5 ° C. Banja la Cattleya lilinso ndi zomera za epiphytic ndi lithophytic.

Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo, zomera za orchid kuthengo zimafunika chitetezo. Makamaka zimakhudzana ndi orchid za Eurasia. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, ku Ukraine ndi ku Belarus, pali mitundu pafupifupi 130 ya ma orchid padziko lonse, ndipo onsewo akuopsezedwa kuti adzatheratu.