Kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction: mbali mbiri

Pofika kumapeto kwa XVI m'ma nzeru za European anapanga prerequisites zonse kusintha udindo wake rationalistic kuti anakumana experimental njira cognition a dziko. Mwa anzeru amene poyamba ankalimbikitsa lingaliro la sayansi experimental anali Francis Bacon ndi Descartes.

Mfundo za sayansi, akhala olungama ndi asayansi awa, kulenga pafupifupi latsopano ndi akatswiri methodological ziphunzitso. Kwakukulukulu chililaka Pochita Aristotle Organon ndi akale scholasticism, amene sanazindikire anakumana ndi gwero la chidziwitso cha chowonadi.

Malinga Bacon, zonse ndiponso kufufuza dziko la chilengedwe, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito njira kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction. Monga mbali ya njira inductive ndi kofunika, maganizo ake, kutsatira kuyambira makamaka kwa onse, kuyambira mfundo makamaka kusuntha kwa mapeto ambiri kuti Bacon anamutchanso - ndi axioms pafupifupi. Izi ndi mpata zolondola zokhazokha ndi kugwirizana mu ndondomeko chidziwitso, kuchokera Bacon anaona ngozi yaikulu mu kusintha kwa zinthu payekha malinga kuzunza mfundo yomweyo generalizations. limagwirira Izi ndimaganiza kayendedwe sanali otsutsana ndi chitsanzo deductive mfundo syllogistic, ndi bwino kwambiri wodzilemekeza izo. Mu kupatsidwa ulemu lalifupi ndi deduction anali organically amaphatikizidwa mu chida umodzi methodological. Njira imeneyi kwambiri kukodzedwa ntchito malire aliyense wa zigawo zikuluzikulu za njira inductive-deductive kale ntchito paokha.

Bacon ankanena kuti pali wathunthu ndi chosakwanira kupatsidwa ulemu, deduction, chotero bwino ndithu kumatanthauza mwayi awo methodological ndi malo mu dongosolo ambiri chuma chidziwitso cha sayansi ano. Mawonekedwe apamwamba njira imatengedwa woona woganiza kupatsidwa ulemu, zinali iye amene chiyanjo Bacon a, kungachititse munthu osati kuganiza odalirika, komanso kuganiza zatsopano. Monga yachinsinsi ndi izo tikulimbikitsidwa kuti amachita njira ina - kuyesera, amene akutumikira monga lamilandu poyerekezera ndi nkhani yolembedwa kuti ayesedwe.

Monga inu mukudziwa, lero tanthauzo la kupatsidwa ulemu ndi kukonza bwino zokwanira - mnjira kukwera mu mkangano wa kulanga munthu payekha zambiri zonena zawo unit. Deduction kumafuna kugoletsa kuyenda mu njira ina - kuchokera mfundo zowombetsa mkota kwa malo munthu amene ali chomveka zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga akonzedwa anapatsidwa.

Ngati tikambirana m'gulu la kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction pa nkhani ya chitukuko mbiri chithunzi ndi zovuta.

Kale ndi Zapakati, akatswiri ntchito makamaka deduction, kupambana zazikulu ndi mawonekedwe amene anali syllogistic Aristotle. Monga tanenera kale, lingaliro kuno imatsogoleredwa kuchokera axioms chiweruzo payekha. Kwa chidziwitso cha malamulo a chilengedwe ntchito ngati njira si mogwira mtima chifukwa njira imeneyi sanadalire zinachitikira. Kumanga pa zinachitikira angakhoze kokha kupatsidwa ulemu, imene imakhudza kuphunzira zoyenda mfundo munthu, zimene amenable kuti yachinsinsi experimental, makonzedwe a ambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kupatsidwa ulemu akufotokozedwa Aristotle mwiniyo, nthawi sanalabadire ake kufunika sayansi ndi othandiza. Koma ndaona wamphamvu methodological chida anali Francis Bacon ndi Descartes anayamba mfundo za Mavalidwewa pamaziko a yachinsinsi experimental zenizeni. asayansi awa asonyeza kuti kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction angachichite kudziwa ntchito konsekonse.

Kupatsidwa ulemu, wokhala ofunda mfundo zomveka, kwambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito njira chidziwitso. inductive mfundo aligorivimu ndi motere: kupeza katundu zofanana zinthu za m'kalasi lomwelo, nkhani kudziwadi formulates mapeto zonse za iwo otsata nkhani zonse amapanga kalasi. Kudzera mwa ganizo analamula aligorivimu, anatulukira lamulo la kukoka konsekonse, chinakhazikika Pantchito za kuthamanga wodalira mumlengalenga ndi chibwenzi wazotsatira kulili chikhalidwe kuziona.

Deduction, kusonyeza kayendedwe ka maganizo pa onse kwa munthu, unachita osatha chitukuko cha sayansi ongolankhula pa siteji ya popanga malingaliro malingaliro. Pankhaniyi ndiye poyambira mapangidwe la dongosolo latsopano chidziwitso.

Mu chi sayansi njira kupatsidwa ulemu ndi deduction kucheza ndi mzake mochuluka monga momwe, mwachitsanzo, kaphatikizidwe ndi kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zawo amafuna kusankha moyenera ndi dera kumene udindo wa aliyense mwa njira chipereka zotsatira kwambiri.