Kutalika kwa makwerero: GOST. Yowerengera akuloza kukula ndi otsetsereka ndege masitepe

Masitepe kamangidwe, maonekedwe ake, mayiko ndi chitetezo zofunika panyumba iliyonse. Wopambana makwerero kapangidwe kumawonjezera wonse chitonthozo mlingo wa anthu amene ntchito m'tsogolo, ndipo nawonso amakhudza mlingo wa ergonomics chipinda. Popeza kufunika ndi tanthauzo la pomanga, kasamalidwe m'chilamulo pansi pafupifupi onse zanyengo: chikhato m'litali ndi m'lifupi, m'makola mwawo kukula, chiwerengero ndi msinkhu wa pamakwerero (GOST SNP).

The mawerengedwe yake ya magawo

Miyeso yaikulu ya kapangidwe ndi miyendo ndi kuchita masamu pa siteji ya chitukuko cha polojekiti kunyumba. M'lifupi ndi kutalika kwa mapazi a staircase walola omanga kuwerengera magawo chofunika kwambiri kumanga tsogolo.

Kawirikawiri angagwiritse masitepe ntchito motsogozedwa ndi malamulo applicable ndi zofuna za mwini nyumba. zida zoyenera utsogoleri lolamulira yomanga ndi kukonza zofunika. Pambuyo okoka kwa wokongola Akumenya m'maganizo makwerero - theka nkhondo. Kapangidwe ayenera kukhala zinchito, wodalirika yabwino ndi otetezeka.

Makamaka mwatcheru chofunika masitepe a nyumba ya anthu cholinga kapena sukulu.

Monga malamulo ndi kumanga makwerero

Documents kuti muli mfundo malamulo, malinga ndi zimene uyenera kumangidwira masitepe onse - GOST ndi SNIP.

Pali GOST 8717.1-84 ndi 8717.0-84 kwa masitepe anapanga konkire ndipo analimbitsa simenti. Nkhani yotsirizira imakhudzanso makwerero, zopangidwa zomangamanga zitsulo.

Ena mwa zinthu zawo kufotokoza izo, zomwe kutalika ayenera kukhala akulowera, njira zambiri adzaikidwe ndi mmene mkulu ayenera kuchita. Komanso n'chakuti mbali ya ndege masitepe anakonza, Ufupi ndi mtundu wa kuchinga.

Ena miyeso amaoneka ndi mfundo zenizeni, zina zimaimira osiyanasiyana mkati amene mbuye omanga akhoza kusankha oyenera manambala awo.

Kodi "mulingo woyenera otsetsereka a makwerero?"

Mbali pa zomwe staircase adzakhala ili mu yomanga nyumba payekha, Mipikisano storey chokhwima kapena zolinga pagulu - Ndi bwino mfundo. Ngodya osachepera ndi madigiri 20, pazipita - madigiri 50.

Ang'onoang'ono ngodya limasonyeza kuti makwerero ndi otsika, ndiko kuti, ndi lathyathyathya. N'zoona kuti kuchita zinthu N'zosavuta kulera ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kugwa, koma dongosolo analandira kangapo yaitali ndipo akutenga malo zambiri. Nthawi zambiri okonza akuitana eni kupulumutsa danga moyo kuchepetsa kutalika makwerero. GOST inakhazikitsa ngodya pazipita ndingaliro ya madigiri 50, monga phompho kuwuka mlingo abwino anthu.

Komabe, pali kuchotserapo, monga unsembe wa masitepe ku chapamwamba ndipo kosungira. Pali makwerero otsetsereka chifukwa cha ntchito ndi malo awo infrequent zopinga ingathetsedwe.

The mulingo woyenera (kwa nyumba payekha) imatengedwa kuti ndi ndege masitepe, anapambutsa pa makona a madigiri 30-35. Izi osiyanasiyana zizindikiro limafanana ndi kaimbidwe achilengedwe a kayendedwe anthu.

Kodi deta n'komwe mu njira ya ntchito

Magawo zofunika kwambiri zokhudza makwerero ndi:

1. Chilichonse kutalika pansi.
2. m'madera Common a m'midzi.
3. Kamangidwe a mawindo, zitseko ndi apertures lotseguka.
4. The mawonekedwe ndi mbali ya khoma la zipinda (niches, ledges).

deta awa, amene anatsimikiza ndi zojambula pomanga, motsogoleredwa ndi mfundo zimene adzakhala pamwamba pa makwerero, alendo nawonso onetsetsani kuti kuganizira. Komanso, manambalawo n'zotheka kuona zimene pangafunike kutalika makwerero akulowera m'litali, chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa nsanja makina.

Kukhalako kwa magawo akonzedwa sizikutanthauza kuti makwerero Sikuti kuti tizidalira. ntchito payekha n'kofunika, kuyambira kukula yomaliza anakhudzidwa ndi zifukwa zambiri (makwerero ndi kuchinga zinthu kupanga mtundu zipangizo kumaliza ntchito mkati).

kutalika kwa makwerero (GOST) Kodi kuwerengera?

Mbali ya ndingaliro ya kapangidwe amadalira chiwerengero cha magawo atero, pa msinkhu wawo, ndipo mtunda wa pakati pawo.

Mfundo chimatanthauza makalata a boma - GOST ndi SNIP. Kutalika kwa mapazi makwerero kungakhale kwa masentimita 12 ndi masentimita 22. Kusankha ina kukula malo amakhudza ogwiritsa kapangidwe ndi cholinga chake. Pakuti masitepe amenewa, omwe kwambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito Ndi bwino kusankha phindu la za 14,5-17,5 cm.

Ponena za kuya kupondaponda (ndege yopingasa limene munthuyo amayenda) ayenera kukhazikitsa phindu lake mulingo woyenera: osiyanasiyana analola ndi kwa masentimita 25 cm 40 Koma yabwino magawo anazindikira, m'lifupi 30-37 masentimita ..

The chowaloleza kumbuyo mfundo izi amakhala kukula kwa pafupifupi phazi, ndi mapazi ake m'lifupi. Ngati pa zifukwa zina simungathe lingagwiritsidwe magawo mulingo woyenera kapena makwerero kupatuka anakonza chindiletsa masitepe Kusinthaku ngati kutukula miyeso ntchito kuchepetsa akuya masentimita 14.5. Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo kupereka protrusion kumawonjezera kuya awiri kapena atatu masentimita (overhang masitepe).

Kodi riser ndipo tiyenera msinkhu wake

Msinkhu madigiri iliyonse makwerero zimadalira kukula ndi makulidwe a riser yokha siteji. Otchedwa ofukula riser membala oyenerera awiri kuyenda.

Monga tanenera kale, muyezo kutalika masitepe ndi 14,5-17,5 cm. Pankhaniyi, magawo a ndondomeko mawerengedwe zikuphatikizapo cheke kuvomerezedwa chitonthozo ndi chitetezo. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pindani m'lifupi kuyenda ndi riser kutalika (mu chithunzicho). Ngati kuchuluka ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera masentimita 44 masentimita mpaka 48, makwerero akhoza amaoneka kuti ndi otetezeka.

Chiwerengero cha masitepe

Standard makwerero lili pafupifupi madigiri 12-15. kuchuluka Zimenezi zimathandiza anthu ambiri bwinobwino kukwera kuchokera pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto a zomangamanga kapena ankafika pa.

Kudziwa mmene njira zambiri adzayenera kukhala masitepe anamanga, mbuye ntchito njira zotsatirazi:

1. Calculated kapena anayeza okwana miyendo kutalika (mtunda kuchokera gawo loyamba nsanja yachiwiri pansi).
2. Gawani chifukwa pafupifupi kutalika pamwamba pa phiri la riser lapansi.
3. Anamaliza analandira kukula kwa inteja ndi kuchita recalculation deta watsopano.

aligorivimu Izi simplistic ndithu, chifukwa m'kati mawerengedwe leni amaganizira zinthu zina zambiri (kakakulu yazokonza pansi pa simenti loyamba ndi lachiwiri, mtundu kwambiri makwerero, chepetsa milingo).

Features masitepe ku konkire

Today makwerero kusankha kwa eni ambiri a nyumba ntchito mwa kuli apamwamba zigawo okonzeka zopangidwa konkire (kalasi si poyerekeza B15).

Iwo zikugwira kupanga opanga mbiri yabwino, kotero zofunikira za GOST ndi SNIP (kutalika kwa mapazi miyendo, kuya awo ndipo m'lifupi, komanso mbali ya ndingaliro).

Kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba amenewa ndi zosavuta, mofulumira ndi mtengo pomanga masitepe. RC-makwerero ndi wangwiro ndi amenable zosiyanasiyana zipangizo yokongola ndi njira, kotero iwo anaika munyumba ndi nyumba pagulu.

mbali zina za kamangidwe ka masitepe

Kutalika kwa mapazi miyendo (GOST amaperekedwa) ayenera kukhala chimodzimodzi kwa onse zinthu makwerero. Lamulo limeneli, lomwe cholinga chake kupereka bwino anthu, ikuyenda pakati pa mbewu.

Komanso, akatswiri amanena kuti anthu omasuka kwambiri kumaliza chitunda kapena kupsyolela phazi, amene anayamba kusunthira masitepe. Choncho, nyumba ambiri muli wosamvetseka angapo madigiri.

Ngati malo pakati akulowera tichipeza milingo angapo, kusiyana msinkhu wawo ayenera kukhala wolingana ndi sitepe kutalika.

masitepe mwauzimu ndi masitepe

Pamene angagwiritse helical kapena mwauzimu masitepe okonza kuthana ndi masitepe zabezhnymi. Zofunika zokhudza msinkhu wawo, kukhala mofanana molunjika, kutembenuzira kapena nyumba pamodzi.

Komabe, chifukwa maonekedwe enieni masitepe, malamulo okhwima linayenera kuyenda kuya ndipo m'lifupi makwerero.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti kusuntha nyumba helical sali choncho bwinobwino mosamala monga mwa miyambo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, okonza si analangiza kumanga makwerero monga chachikulu cha.

Nthawi zambiri masitepe mwauzimu ntchito kuchotsa chapamwamba kapena galimoto wothandiza. Komabe, ambiri ziwembu yamakono ya mtundu wononga ndi mamangidwe abwino ndi kukhala waukulu chokongoletsera chipinda. Kusintha chitonthozo cha anthu tsogolo la m'lifupi ndipo kutalika pakati pa aponda miyendo ayenera kukhala pafupi magawo mulingo woyenera.

masitepe mwauzimu si abwino kwambiri kwa unsembe mu nyumba onse ndi sukulu. Komanso, iwo ayenera kuzipewa, ngati nyumba adzakhala anthu ndi kusuntha pang'ono. Komabe, ngati mwini akadali kwambiri akufuna kuona kwawo chabe makwerero oterewa, Iye ayike onse zipangizo zofunika ndi lathyathyathya (kuchipinda, khitchini, chipinda) pansi pake.