Kuti kuwononga mpweya mu mzinda? Kodi zinthu zodetsa mpweya?

Kusintha mafuta zikuchokera mlengalenga - chifukwa cha kuphatikiza zochitika zachilengedwe mu chikhalidwe ndi zochita za anthu. Koma a pasukuluyi umalamulira pa nthawiyo? Kuti tipeze yankho, tiyeni choyamba kufotokozera kuti uwononge mpweya. Zake zikuchokera ndi zonse zisakuyenda umamumvera kusinthasintha kwambiri. The mavuto zoyambirira za ulamuliro umuna ndi chitetezo cha chiyero cha beseni mpweya chitsanzo cha ntchito imeneyi m'mizinda.

Kodi zikuchokera m'mlengalenga kusintha?

Air kuipitsa ecologists amaona kusintha ndi zaka ake anasonkhana pa nthawi yaitali chidwi. Zidzachitika chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana zotsatira anthu pa chilengedwe, komanso chifukwa zinangokhalako zokha. Mwachitsanzo, kuwononga mpweya, ndipo akusintha mafuta zikuchokera m'mlengalenga, anapanga chifukwa cha kupuma, photo- ndi chemosynthesis ku maselo a zinthu zamoyo.

Kuwonjezera zachilengedwe, pali kuipitsa munthu. magwero ake akhoza kukhala mpweya maofesi aliyense kupanga zinyalala mpweya limodzi gawo m'nyumba, mpweya zoyendera. Izi ziri chimodzimodzi zomwe mpweya agonjetsa anthu thanzi ndi bwino chilengedwe lonse. Zowonetsera zikuchokera m'mlengalenga ayenera kukhala zikutsatiridwa, monga mu chithunzi m'munsimu.

The zili zina mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu mlengalenga waung'ono, koma n'komwe posankha zinthu zodetsa mpweya, ndi zomwe ziri vuto lililonse kwa zamoyo. Mu tebulo pansipa, kupatula zoyambirira za, mulinso zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za m'mlengalenga, nkhani za amene kumawonjezera pa chiphala, chuma ntchito anthu (mpweya dioxides ndi asafe, dziko).

Kuti si zodetsa mpweya?

The mpweya zikuchokera m'mlengalenga pa nyanja, nyanja, komanso madambo, nkhalango, nkhokwe biosphere kusintha ochepa poyerekeza ndi mizinda. Kumene, mu malo a pamwamba zinthu zachilengedwe walandiranso zinthu. Mpweya kuwombola mu biosphere ndi okhazikika. Koma m'chilengedwe chogwidwa ndi ndondomeko, zomwe si zodetsa mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhalango - dzuwa pa matupi a madzi - evaporation. Mabakiteriya kukonza asafe mpweya, mbewu anali wakutali kuyamwa mpweya. Zinkakhalira pa nyanja ndi nyanja ladzala ndi nthunzi ya madzi, ayodini, bromine, chlorine.

amadetsa Kodi mpweya?

Owopsa kwa zamoyo ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana kwambiri, onse amadziwika oposa 20,000 biosphere zoipitsa. M'mizinda mlengalenga, mafakitale ndi mayendedwe malo pano yosavuta zinthu zovuta gaseous, aerosols, yaing'ono particles olimba. Tikungotchula amene zinthu zodetsa mpweya:

• mpweya ndi mpweya mpweya (mpweya mono- ndi woipa);
• sulfa ndi sulfure anhydrides (di- ndi sulfure trioxide);
• mankhwala asafe (oxides ndi amoniya);
• methane ndi chimasanduka ena gaseous;
• fumbi, mwaye ndi nkhani particulate, mwachitsanzo, m'munda miyala migodi.

magwero a mpweya chiyani?

Zovulaza kuwononga mpweya zinthu kulowa mlengalenga osati mpweya ndi boma nthunzi, koma mawonekedwe a m'malovu kakang'ono, particles olimba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Gawo analandira kwa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono ndi zoyendera cha kuwonongeka ndi mankhwala enieni, magulu awo (olimba, gaseous, madzi).

Ambiri atathana ndi variable zigawo za mlengalenga zimasiyanasiyana masana, malinga ndi nyengo. Mu kuwerengetsera wa Mankhwala oipitsa nkhani kuthamanga mumlengalenga, kutentha, mphepo malangizo, chifukwa nyengo zimakhudza zikuchokera kwa mumlengalenga wosanjikiza malire. Kusintha kwa woipa ambiri zigawo zikuluzikulu, monga carbon dioxide, sikuti zimachitika pa chaka. Kuwonjezeka mu kuchuluka kwa NKHA ₂ zaka otsiriza zana (zotsatira kutentha). Nthawi zina, kusintha kwa woipa chifukwa cha zochitika zachilengedwe. Izi zikhoza kukhala mapiri akaphulika, mowiriza zotuluka mankhwala poizoni kuchokera mu nthaka kapena madzi kumalo amene asankhidwa. Koma zambiri za kusintha akumane mu zikuchokera mumlengalenga amatsogolera zochita za anthu.

Kuti kuwononga mpweya Padziko Lapansi? zachilengedwe ndi opangidwa malasha zoipa. Otsiriza. atathana (mabizinezi chitoliro, boilers, mafuta othirira mafuta ndime) ndi mafoni (modes osiyana zoyendera). Lembani zinthu zofunika yomwe ikuchokera ku zoipitsa mpweya:

• magulu a m'mafakitale ambiri ikugwira ntchito;
• ntchito, kumene migodi wochititsidwa;
• magalimoto (zodetsa mpweya ndi moto mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta, mafuta kapena zinthu zina kaboni munali);
• kudzazidwa siteshoni gaseous ndi madzi utsi;
• kukatentha ntchito malasha utsi ndi awo ndi-mankhwala;
• polygons ndi landfills, kumene zinthu mpweya, popangidwa ndi oipa a kuwonongeka zinyansi mafakitale ndi zoweta.

M'mayiko ulimi monga minda, minda, minda ya zipatso, komanso amathandiza kuti kusintha chowawa mu zikuchokera m'mlengalenga. Ichi ndi chifukwa ntchito yaluso, feteleza, kupopera mankhwala.

ndi ndiwo mpweya chiyani?

Amalandira kwambiri mankhwala zoipa m'mlengalenga kuponyedwa, moto pa moto m'midzi, mu nkhalango, minda ndi zigwa. M'madera amene kuli anthu, chopereka kwambiri kuti kusintha mu zikuchokera wosanjikiza pamwamba pa magalimoto kumathandiza mlengalenga. Chimachititsa, malinga ndi osiyana akuti pakati pa 60 ndi 95% ya mpweya gaseous.

Kuti kuwononga mpweya mu mzinda? Population urbanized mayiko makamaka akudwala mankhwala poizoni wa kuyaka ndi mafuta. Mu zikuchokera mpweya lili particles olimba, monga mwaye ndi kutsogolera, madzi ndi gaseous mankhwala: woipa sulfure, carbon monoxide oxides asafe, chimasanduka ndi ena ofanana awo.

Ambabzala mpweya m'madera mafakitale komwe anayamba makampani, zitsulo processing miyala, mchere, mafuta, malasha ndiponso gasi. The zikuchokera mpweya ikhoza kusintha kutengera ya Boma mu umodzi kapena dera lina la dziko. Mpweya wowonongeka m'mizinda pafupipafupi lili mankhwala kuyaka, pakati pawo pali carcinogens ambiri, mwachitsanzo, dioxin. Utsi auka kwa nkhalango, steppe ndi peat moto woyaka masamba ndi zinyalala. Nthawi zambiri kuwotcha nkhuni m'minda ndi zinyalala mu mzinda wa midzi, koma nthawi zina ngakhale mwachindunji m'misewu anatentha masamba, udzu.

zinthu zimene muli mpweya ku makampani ndi zoyendera?

Kuti kuwononga mpweya mu mzinda? Mu malo mafakitale ntchito, mafakitale, kayendedwe, zofunikira ndi kumanga makampani. Aliyense sakugwirizana payekhapayekha ndiponso monga gulu ndi amadza zamakono pa chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri Mankhwala oipitsa kucheza. Nthawi zambiri pali kuvunda nonmetal oxides mu m'malovu madzi - kotero anapanga "asidi" chifunga ndi mvula. Iwo kuwononga mpaka kalekale chilengedwe, thanzi ndi mwaluso mapulani.

Total mpweya zoipitsa mu m'matauni ndi kufikira masauzande matani. Buku waukulu wa mankhwala poizoni akubwera kuchokera zitsulo, mphamvu, mankhwala, makampani kayendedwe. Ambabzala mpweya toxics: amoniya benzapirenom, woipa sulfure, formaldehyde, mercaptan, phenol. Monga mbali ya mpweya lalikulu mafakitale chomera muli mitundu 20 120 mgwirizano. Pamlingo wamng'ono mankhwala zoipa anapanga pa Chili chakudya ndi nsalu mafakitale, mu sukulu, umoyo ndi chikhalidwe.

Oopsa ngati mankhwala organic kungotaya kuyaka?

m'mizinda adzathetsedwa kufukiza masamba akugwa, udzu, kudulira, ma CD, zomangira ndi zina mafakitale ndi banja zinyalala. Acrid utsi lili zinthu kuipitsa m'mlengalenga. Iwo zimawononga anthu thanzi, kuvutika khalidwe wonse wa chilengedwe.

Zoopsazi kusamvetsa bwino ndi anthu ogwira ntchito ku makampani kuti chophwanya malamulo a kuwongolera, zachititsanso kale akumane zinthu zachilengedwe, pamene kuwotcha zinyalala milu ndi manyowa m'minda mwawo, m'mabwalo a nyumba anatentha kuwononga muli. Nthawi zambiri zinyalala pano mabotolo pulasitiki, filimu. utsi zimenezi makamaka zoipa chifukwa cha ikukhudzana mankhwala kuwonongeka kwa polima lapansi. Mu Russian Federation kwa zinyalala moto m'mudzi m'mabwalo chilango.

M'madera kuyaka zomera, mafupa, zikopa za nyama, ma polima ndi zina organic kaphatikizidwe wa oxides mpweya zigwire, nthunzi ya madzi, asafe mankhwala pang'ono. Koma izi si onse zoipitsa mpweya, omwe anapangidwa moto kapena kusonkhezera zinyalala, zinyalala banja. Ngati masamba, nthambi, udzu ndi zina zipangizo yamvula chionekera zinthu zambiri poizoni kuposa vuto lililonse nthunzi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene 1 tani kusonkhezera masamba yonyowa linatulutsidwa pa 30 makilogalamu NKHA (mpweya monoxide).

Imani pafupi ndi mulu kusonkhezera zinyalala - ndi monga kukhala kwambiri wowonongeka msewu zoyendera mzinda. Kuopsa kwa mpweya monoxide ndi kuti chimamanga kuti hemoglobin. The carboxyhemoglobin chifukwa sangathe kupulumutsa mpweya maselo. zinthu zina kuti mpweya mlengalenga, angachititse kusokonezeka kwa bronchi ndi mapapo, poizoni, exacerbation la matenda aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, ndi inhalation wa carbon monoxide mtima ntchito ndi katundu mkulu, kuyambira osakwanira mpweya pokhala womasulidwa ku zimakhala ndi. Pankhaniyi, mwina ziwonjezeka matenda a mtima. Ngozi woposa ngakhale kuphatikiza mpweya monoxide zoipitsa mu mpweya mafakitale, utsi zoyendera.

Miyezo ya woipa wa zoipitsa

Mpweya kubwera kwa chitsulo ndi zitsulo, malasha, mafuta ndi processing mpweya zomera, maofesi mphamvu, zomanga ndi mafakitale zofunikira. kuipitsidwa nyukiliya wa kuphulika pa Chernobyl mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera Japan yafalikira padziko lonse. Amowabu kuwonjezeka zili oxides mpweya, sulfure, asafe, freons ndi zina woopsawo mpweya nyukiliya m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lathuli. Nthawi zina poizoni wapezeka kutali malo makampani ndi mpweya. Zimenezi ovutitsa ndi zovuta kuthetsa mavuto padziko lonse wa anthu.

Back mu 1973, komiti zogwirizana la World Health Organization (WHO) wakhala akufuna muyezo chifukwa potaya mpweya khalidwe m'mizinda. Akatswiri apeza kuti ukupeza anthu ndi 15-20% malingana momwe zachilengedwe ziriri. Pamaziko a maphunziro ambiri mu XX atumwi anali kumatanthauza milingo zolandirika zoipitsa yaikulu vuto lililonse kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri avareji particles zizikhala mpweya ayenera 40 g / mamita ^_3. The zili oxides sulfure sayenera upambana 60 mg / mamita ^₃ pachaka. Pakuti utsi umenewu ndi apakatikati lolingana - 10 mg / mamita ^₃ maola 8.

ndi pazipita chovomerezeka ndende (MPC) chiyani?

Maonekedwe a Chief State ukhondo Doctor la Chitaganya cha Russia ovomerezedwa ndi muyezo ukhondo wa zili pafupifupi 600 mankhwala zoipa m'midzi m'mlengalenga. Izi MPC wa zoipitsa mu mzere mpweya zimene zikusonyeza pakalibe mavuto pa zinthu anthu ndi ukhondo. Chofunikira ndi kukhala anasonyeza makalasi ngozi ya mankhwala, mfundo amanena mu mlengalenga (mg / ^_M3). magawo awa mwachindunji pamene deta watsopano pa kawopsedwe zinthu payekha. Koma si onse. Mndandanda chikalata alipo 38 zinthu zimene loletsa pa mpweya chifukwa ntchito yawo mkulu kwachilengedwenso.

Kodi boma ulamuliro m'munda wa chitetezo mpweya?

kusintha Anthropogenic mu zikuchokera mpweya ndi zotsatira zoipa mu chuma, kufooka kwa thanzi ndi moyo yafupika zambiri. Vuto cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama ya mankhwala zoipa m'mlengalenga monga boma nkhawa boma ndi maboma boma, ndiponso anthu wamba, anthu wamba.

The malamulo a mayiko ambiri amapereka zomangamanga ndi kafukufuku zachilengedwe asanayambe kumanga, yokonzanso ndi wamakono pafupifupi zinthu zonse chuma. Iwo anagwira kuwerengera wa zoipitsa mu mlengalenga, kutenga kuteteza m'mlengalenga. Mavuto kuchepetsa katundu anthropogenic pa chilengedwe, kuchepetsa mpweya ndi kukha wa zoipitsa. Mu Russia, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo chitetezo zachilengedwe, mpweya, ndi zina zochita malamulo ndi normative malamulo malamulo ntchito m'munda zachilengedwe. Zagwiridwa boma kulamulira chilengedwe, kuchepetsedwa ndi Mankhwala oipitsa anatenga kovuta umuna.

Mae ndi chiyani?

Mabizinezi, kuchotsako mpweya azitenga magwero kufufuza chiphaso cha mankhwala zoipa mu mlengalenga. Kawirikawiri, ntchitoyi wapeza kupitiriza ake zomveka mu kudziŵa pazipita chovomerezeka mpweya (MPE). Kufunika kupeza chikalata kugwirizana ndi kuwerengera mmene anthropogenic pa mlengalenga. Pamaziko a mudziwe kuti ali m'gulu MPE ndi kampani alandira chilolezo kuti zimatulutsa zoipitsa m'mlengalenga. deta zolimbana umuna ntchito kuwerengera malipiro kungasokoneze chilengedwe.

Ngati buku la VAT ndi kuloleza ayi, malasha ku magwero kuipitsa ili mkati pamalowo mafakitale kapena malonda ena makampani kulipira 2, 5, 10 zina zambiri. Normalization wa zoipitsa mu mlengalenga yopita ku mlengalenga kuchepetsa chikoka negative. Pali zokoma zachuma chifukwa kukhazikitsa miyezo pofuna kuteteza zachilengedwe ku chikuonetseratu ake kuti mankhwala achilendo.

Malipiro kuwonongeka kwa malo akubwera kuchokera mabizinezi a, anasonkhanitsa ndi makonsolo ndi boma mu ndalama zapadera bajeti zachilengedwe. Ndalama ntchito pa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kodi kuyeretsa ndi kuteteza mpweya maofesi mafakitale ndi ena?

Yoyeretsa zakhudzana mpweya ikuchitika mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Pa mipope kukatentha ndi zomera processing anaika Zosefera, fumbi ndi getter unsembe. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwonongeka matenthedwe ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ena poizoni akusinthika mu mankhwala zabwinobwino. Jambulani mpweya umenewu zoipa mu condensation imachitidwa ndi njira ntchito mayamwidwe zosafunika sorbents, catalysts ayeretsedwe.

Tsogolo la chitetezo mpweya zokhudza ntchito pa kuchepetsa zoipitsa m'mlengalenga. M'pofunika kukhala mpweya zasayansi ulamuliro m'mizinda, pa mphambano wotanganidwa. Kuyenera anapitiriza kuti atchule zolimba kuchira kachitidwe ku zosakaniza gaseous zomera. Muyenera wotchipa zipangizo zamakono kukonza mpweya umenewu poizoni ndi aerosols. Munda boma ulamuliro ungabwere kuchuluka nsanamira kwambiri poona ndi kusintha mpweya utsi wa galimoto. mafakitale mphamvu ndi magalimoto ayenera kumasulira mu zochepa zoipa kwa mfundo chilengedwe view, utsi (monga gasi, biofuel). Ndi kuyaka awo allocated zochepa olimba ndi madzi Mankhwala oipitsa.

Kodi udindo wa malo wobiriwira ntchito mpweya chiyani?

N'zovuta Musaone chopereka zomera kubwezeretsanso nkhokwe mpweya Padziko Lapansi, misampha Mankhwala oipitsa. Nkhalango amatchedwa "wobiriwira golide", "mapapo dziko" mphamvu tsamba photosynthesis. Zimenezi ndi mayamwidwe wa carbon dioxide ndi madzi, mpweya ndi mapangidwe wowuma kuwala. Zomera zimatulutsa oyaka mu mlengalenga - zinthu ingafooketse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kuwonjezeka dera malo wobiriwira m'mizinda - mmodzi wa miyeso zofunika kwambiri zoteteza chilengedwe. Mitengo, zitsamba, zitsamba ndi maluwa mu mayadi nyumba, m'mapaki mabwalo ndi m'mphepete mwa misewu. Bzalani kwa malire a masukulu ndi zipatala, zomera mafakitale.

Asayansi apeza kuti njira yabwino kuyamwa fumbi ndi zoipa zinthu gaseous utsi zomera, zomera mpweya zoyendera monga popula, linden, mpendadzuwa. Kwambiri zimatulutsa kosakhazikika kupanga conifer m'minda. Air mu paini, Oil, nkhalango mlombwa ngoyera ndithu ndipo umathandizanso.