Kutupa. Gawo la kutupa ndi zizindikiro

Man - ndi kukhala m'malo wosalimba. Koma chikhalidwe wosamalira kupulumuka kwa mitundu, anapereka kwa anthu mphatso chothandiza kwambiri - chitetezo chokwanira. Zinali uyamiko kwa Iye thupi lathu alipo, evolves ndiponso kupewa aukali wothandizila opatsirana.

Kutupa - zoipa kapena kuteteza thupi?

The Latin mawu inflammo njira anawamasulira kuti "kufukiza", ndi zina kuwamasulira - ndi kutukusira. Gawo kutupa, mitundu yake ndi akalumikidzidwa adzakhala anafotokoza m'nkhani ino. Kuti kumvetsa mfundo zazikulu za ndondomeko ndi kupeza kufunika kwake kwa thupi. asinthire mchikakamizo cha zifukwa zina (matenda, kuvulala, majeremusi, thupi lawo siligwirizana) sanali mwangozi - izo ndi anachita zimakumana nkhondo ya matenda, kuwononga nyumba khungu kapena allergens. ndondomeko makamaka kwa kutanthauzira ndi gawo owonongeka kudzipatula ake kwa minofu wathanzi. Chotero zochita za chamoyo chifukwa kufunika fixation tizilombo imayambitsa kutupa, zinyalala mankhwala a kuwonongeka ake ndi nkhondo ya machiritso malo. Chifukwa ndi kuvomerezedwa kukhala chitetezo chokwanira.

Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti kutupa si lofanana ndi matenda. Izi ndi mmene mthupi poyankha tizilombo malowedwe aliyense mu thupi, pamene matenda - ili ndi wothandizila aukali, n'zothandiza anachita zimenezi.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Kutupa, kutupa kwa bwalolo, mbali kanukanu anali kale pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino. Makamaka, nkhani zimenezi anali ndi chidwi asayansi wakale - Klavdiy Galen ndi Roman wolemba Korneliy Tsels. Ndi yotsirizira anasankha anayi Gawo kutupa iliyonse:

• erythema (redness maonekedwe);
• kutupa;
• hyperthermia;
• ululu.

Panali chizindikiro chachisanu - kuphwanya zinkakhala m'dera kapena chiwalo ntchito (mpaka lomaliza yawonjezedwa kwambiri kenako Galen).

Kenako, asayansi ambiri ntchito pa nkhani imeneyi. Analiphunzira, ndi otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse zamoyo Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Iye ankaona kuti kuchiritsa yotupa Poyankha, mphatso oona zachilengedwe, koma afunika pofuna zamoyo zinachita, kuyambira osati njira zonse kotereku kumapangitsa kuti ayambe thupi. Osanenapo kuti kutupa kwambiri kwa milandu yoopsa kwambiri.

terminology

Ngati thupi yogwira kuli m'kati (sitepe ya kutupa Pankhaniyi, si n'komwe), ndiye kuti dzina matenda, nthawi zambiri Latin, onetsetsani kuti kuwonjezera khalidwe kutha "-it". Mwachitsanzo, kutupa ya m'phuno, impso, mtima, peritoneum, pancreatic akutchedwa, motero, laryngitis, nephritis, myocarditis, peritonitis, kapamba. Ngati kutupa wamba thupi akulowa matenda ili pafupi naye connective kapena adipose minofu, ndi anawonjezera kuti dzina la manambala oyambirira "Para": paranephritis, parametritis (kutupa kwa chiberekero) , etc. Koma mu nkhani iyi, ndi ulamuliro, pali .. kuchotserapo, monga matanthauzo enieni monga angina kapena chibayo.

Chifukwa kutupa uko?

Choncho, kodi n'chiyani chikuchititsa mavuto a kutupa? Iwo kusiyanitsa mitundu itatu:

1. Thupi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti yotupa ndondomeko m'thupi kumayamba chifukwa cha zosiyanasiyana kuvulala makina, zilonda zamoto, kuphatikizapo zozungulira, frostbite, pamaso pa matupi yachilendo, zotsatira za magetsi.
2. Tizilombo. Pankhaniyi, akunena za ndondomeko pathological chifukwa cha wothandizila tating'onoting'ono, parasitic ndi tizilombo. gulu la makhalidwe mulinso toyambitsa matenda ena monga tubercle Bacillus (TB), Treponema pallidum (chindoko), Mycobacterium leprae (khate) ndi ena.
3. Mankhwala. Gulu la zinthu zachokera kanthu zosiyanasiyana mankhwala zinthu malangizo (medicaments, ziphe, salt, alkalis, zidulo, ndi poizoni anapanga mu thupi).

Kumachititsanso kutupa angakhale aakulu maganizo zoopsa, nkhawa ndi mowa.

njira zimenezi kapena zimachitika bwinobwino kapena aakulu itayamba. Pamene nzothandiza anachita limapezeka nthawi yomweyo, mwachitsanzo, maselo oyera ndi madzi a m'magazi ndi anayambika ndi zinthu m'madera akhudzidwa ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri, n'zimenenso ndondomeko pachimake. Koma ngati pa mlingo ma, kusintha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, umatchedwa kutupa aakulu. Kuti mudziwe zambiri za mitundu ndi mitundu nkhani zotsatirazi.

symptomatology

magawo onse a kutupa yodziwika ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi chachikulu. Iwo anawagawa m'deralo ndi ambiri. Gulu loyamba la zizindikiro zikuphatikizapo:

• Hyperemia (redness) za m'dera. chizindikiro Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha otaya tima magazi.
• Hyperthermia - m'dera kuwonjezeka kutentha, kuyambira kagayidwe mofulumira.
• Kutupa, ngati pali kusalola minofu exudate.
• Acidosis - kuwonjezeka acidity. Chizindikiro chimenechi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha malungo.
• Giperalgiya (ululu). Iwo ubwera poyankha amene amadza pa maselo ndi mapeto mitsempha.
• Loss kapena wonongeka za m'dera. Kumachitika chifukwa cha zonse zizindikiro zakumwamba.

Mwa njira, ndi kutukusira kwa ziwalo si nthawi zonse anaonetsa zomverera chowawa, koma ngati ndondomeko udzachitika padziko, alipo pafupifupi onse zizindikiro zakumwamba.

Zizindikiro Common angathe kuonedwa ndi mayesero choyezera, makamaka achiyesa zonse magazi. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha lililonse m'madera magazi leukocyte chilinganizo, komanso kuchuluka kwambiri ESR. Choncho, ndi ankaphunzira zovuta zizindikiro, zikhoza matenda kutupa. Yotupa siteji - funso lotsatira chidwi anthu kuphunzira phunziro.

Siteji ndi mtundu wa njira yotupa

Monga ndondomeko iliyonse, nawonso akupangidwa mbali. Gawo 3 kuonetsetsa kutupa. Iwo akhoza zayambitsa osiyana, koma zopezeka. Ngati ife kufotokoza iwo mawu osavuta, ndi kuwononga linanena bungwe la madzimadzi ndi minofu overgrowth. Gawo loyamba la kutupa - zosinthidwa. Pamakhala exudation, kenako - KUCHULUKA.

Tsopano ndalama pang'ono kukambirana mitundu ya kutupa kuti mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi ndondomeko. Monga tanena, pamene ndondomeko kusiyana mofulumira, umatchedwa pachimake. Nthawi zambiri, kuti ayenerere ngati zimenezi, kuwonjezera pa nthawi Chinthu ayenera kufunga siteji ya kutupa pachimake monga exudation ndi kuchulukana.

Pali kugawanikana wina: banal (yachibadwa) m'thupi ndi yotupa ayankhe. Ngati chachiwiri ndi mwachindunji zimene chitetezo cha m'thupi. Kuphunzira siteji, ndi mtundu wa njira kutupa, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira zimadalira pang'onopang'ono kapena nthawi yomweyo. mawu awa angafotokozedwe kwambiri chabe: loyamba la onse ndi Dziwani kuti pamene limagwirira izi ndi kutupa kwa tandem "Antigen - oteteza". Ngati Potsatira alowererepo zenizeni mu chamoyo akufotokozera yomweyo, ndiye woyamba adamulowetsa mwa njira iyi, ndi njira ina chifukwa phagocytosis, kuphatikiza anati tandem ndi leukocytes ndiponso kuwonongeka kwa mpanda mtima zovuta deta kukula mofulumira minofu kutupa ndi haemorrhages angapo. Chitsanzo cha wotereyo chikhalidwe pachimake atha kutumikira ngati mantha anaphylactic, angioedema (kapena angioedema), ndiponso njira zina zofuna kugwiritsa ntchito miyeso kuwatsitsimula.

Pamene yankho wosakwiya ndondomeko Antigen ndi mofulumira (mwachitsanzo, Mantoux mayeso). Pankhaniyi, maselo ndi woyamba ndi kuwononga wothandizila achilendo kuphatikiza zimakhala ndi. Komanso pali pang'onopang'ono nyamuka granulomas. Zimenezi amakhala ndi m'malo yaitali motero.

Choncho, izi mitundu njira yotupa:

• Lakuthwa. Kutalika kwake ndi maola angapo. Pali milandu kuti zimatengera za sabata.
• Subacute. Kawirikawiri itha patapita masabata ochepa.
• Aakulu. Iwo akhoza mzaka kapena ngakhale moyo, ukuyenda mu mafunde ku pachimake kwa chikhululukiro.

Kuwononga: gawo loyamba

Choncho, kupita malongosoledwe mwachindunji stepi kusintha mu thupi. kutupa aliyense amayamba mwanjira imeneyo. Monga tanenera kale, gawo limodzi la kutupa amatchedwa zosinthidwa (kwa mawu alteratio - "kuwononga"). Kuti chotupa cha zimakhala ndi, motero, chosokoneza cha chipinda wokhulupirika ndi mitsempha zikubweretsa kusintha necrotic ndi kutulutsidwa owayimira yotupa. zinthu izi yogwira wasinthika mtima kamvekedwe, kuchititsa kupweteka kwambiri ndi kutupa.

exudation

matenda mtima mu chofuna m'dera chifukwa exudation (exudatio). Izi ndi 2 siteji ya kutupa. ndondomeko tichipeza mu kubwereketsa ndi magazi minofu madzimadzi. Njirayi imatchedwa exudate, amene anapereka nthawi pofotokoza ndondomeko izi mwanjira imeneyo. Pamene stepi ino izo zimayambitsa kutupa owayimira ndi kutsegula kwa kusokoneza mtima. Chifukwa kuphipha, lomwe limapezeka mu arterioles, ndi gawo kuonongeka kumadalira magazi, zikubweretsa kuchulukana. Komanso kumawonjezera kagayidwe, ndi hyperemia ya wolumikizira venous akulowa. Mtima kuthamanga kukula mofulumira, ndi gawo madzi magazi akutuluka m'malire awo. Exudate angakhale osiyana kudzazidwa kumatengera ndi yotupa mawonekedwe anawachititsa.

ndondomeko zipatso

Mbali yachitatu amatchedwa kutupa proliferative. Izi siteji yotupa Ndi komaliza. njira regenerative mu zimakhala, kulola kapena kukonzanso madera zowonongeka kutupa kapena pa malo awa anapanga chilonda. Koma anakhazikitsa ndi khola mokoma dera ndi magawo 3 kutupa Iwo akhoza amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana mwamphamvu. Choncho kusiyanitsa mitundu ndi osiyana pasukuluyi.

njira zoyambirira

Mitundu, mitundu ndi magawo a kutupa - ichi ndi chinachake chimene muyenera kulabadira mu malo oyamba. Monga momwe taonera, ndondomeko anatsimikiza ndi nthawi ya liwu monga mtundu. Koma izi si makhalidwe onse amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti aone kutupa. yotupa siteji - ndi maziko a ziyeneretso zake ndi ziyenera. Koma izo zimachitika kuti zigawo za ndondomeko ndi anasonyeza amakhala osiyana. Malinga ndi maziko mmene yotupa, pali njira zitatu za kusintha chindunji:

1. Alterative. fomu iyi amakhala ndi predominance njira necrotic mu limba chofuna. Pamene ena mbali ndi anasonyeza ofooka kwambiri. Kawirikawiri mtundu uwu kutupa anati ziwalo parenchymal: mtima, impso, chiwindi. Pankhaniyi, zikuchititsa kuti khalidwe ndi chipasuko ulusi minofu ndi nsalu. akuti izi chakale, koma ena minda ya mankhwala adakali zogwirizana.
2. Exudative. Akamanena za tanthauzo ndi kuonetsetsa kuti pamene zoterezi yotupa mawonekedwe a lamulo pamaso pa exudate. Malinga momwe ziti zidzakhalire, pali angapo kum'mwera kwa mitundu ya kutupa: purulent, hemorrhagic, serous, fibrinous, catarrhal. Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule aliyense wa iwo. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa kutupa serous yodziwika ndi mapangidwe mapuloteni madzi. Iwo angathe kutidzaza cavities iliyonse (pleural kapena olowa kapisozi ndi ena). Ndi zotheka kuti mutipatse Ulusi ndi nsalu, potero kupangitsa kutupa kasinthidwe. Kuchiza mawonekedwe monga zotheka, amawapopa exudate. Fibrinous mawonekedwe a kutupa lagawidwa lobar ndi diphtheria. Pankhaniyi mapuloteni tochoka ndipamene khalidwe zoyera filimu. Kuopsa fomu iyi ndi kuti akhoza kupanga adhesions. Purulent kutupa mapangidwe mapuloteni osiyana ndi leukocyte exudation. Kukambirana mitundu, masiteji, mitundu ya kutupa, ndi Dziwani kuti ndi woopsa kwambiri maonekedwe, amene kwenikweni kusungunula minofu, zomwe ndi zodabwitsa. Penultimate mawonekedwe - hemorrhagic. Exudate Pankhaniyi chikuphatikizapo kuchuluka erythrocytes. Kuti chifukwa cha kusankha kumachitika ndi mwazi. kutupa Izi chibadidwe matenda akuluakulu opatsirana: tizilombo ta matenda, matenda oumitsa khosi hemorrhagic, mliri, nthomba, ndi ena. Zotsatira zake kudzadalira wothandizila ake causative matendawa. Koma mtundu uwu kutupa Mulimonsemo ndi chosasamalidwa bwino. Catarrhal yotupa mawonekedwe a lightest wa onse pamwamba. S kusankha khalidwe la wambirimbiri ntchofu (rhinitis, tracheitis).
3. Proliferative. fomu iyi amakhala ndi kukula mofulumira, zimakhala ndi mapangidwe granulomas. Iwo amakwiya matenda enaake (makwinya) ziwalo zosiyanasiyana, akufotokozera padziko matupi ena ndi inclusions parasitic.

Kuchokera pa zimene takambiranazi, m'pofunika, ndiponso zimene siteji ya kutupa suppurative secrete akatswiri:

• Serous kusalola.
• Necrotic ndondomeko (flegmozny, gangrenous, abscessed)

Pustular maphunziro anawagawa mitundu zotsatirazi:

• kutupa mogwirizana (abscess). Apo ayi, ndondomeko iyi akutchedwa abscess. Woterowo kutupa zotsatirazi kumachitika: gwero la matenda zamafinya zinangoti M'mimbamo aumbike ndi kuchuluka zonse leukocytes m'menemo. Ngati abscess Kasupe kunja, ndiye iwo akutchedwa fistula. Iwo monga zithupsa ndiponso carbuncles.
• Empyema - ndi mapangidwe purulent exudate mu cavities achilengedwe (zakumapeto, pleura, parenchyma) kulephera kwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimafalitsa nkhani.
• Adzalowerera. Mu njira ina, siteji iyi akutchedwa cellulitis. Mu nkhani iyi, mafinya wafala thupi kwathunthu. ndondomeko amasiyana ambiri mwiniwakeyo mu Kapangidwe ka zinkakhala m'dera.

Purulent exudate kungathandizire kupasuka, kupanga chipsera. Koma palinso kuthekera ndi zotsatira chowawa. Izi zimachitika pamene mafinya akulowa m'magazi. Chifukwa, zivute zitani akufotokozera sepsis, ndi ndondomeko amakhala oopsa, zowombetsa mkota matenda kufalikira thupi lonse.

Chitsanzo chabwino: chibayo

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa matenda aakulu kwambiri ndipo m'malo sizimadziwika kuti amayamba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana chifukwa chibayo. Ndi pamaso pa madzimadzi mu alveoli wa wodwalayo kupuma kukhala kovuta ndipo amakwiya kusintha khalidwe la moyo choyipa. Kuchuluka zimadalira zinthu zambiri, makamaka pa dongosolo anthu m'thupi. Koma Mulimonsemo, mungawononge magawo onse atatu a ndondomeko yotupa chitsanzo cha matenda n'zotheka.

Chibayo komanso chikuchitika mu masitepe. Kwa pathogenesis ali 4 siteji m'mapapo kutupa: mafunde hepatization wofiira, imvi hepatization chilolezo. The woyamba analongosola ankhondowo monga nthumwi matenda m'thupi, kukhulupirika kuwononga maselo (zosinthidwa). Choncho pali magalimoto, zochita khungu lawo siligwirizana, kufupika kwa mpweya, mofulumira kugunda kwa mtima, zizindikiro za kawopsedwe kwambiri.

Mu masiteji hepatization (ofiira ndi imvi hepatization) mwachangu exudate aumbike mwa zimakhala m'mapapo. Zimenezi bwino wheezing, kuledzera, matenda a ubongo. Maphunziro ndi wochuluka kwambiri phlegm - exudate amadzadza pafupifupi lonse zinkakhala m'dera. Kodi kwambiri chibayo, anati chinthu yaikulu zotupa (pakati gawo, Lobe ya phapo, kapena kutupa chonse pamodzi). Pali milandu kukhetsa zotupa mu chimodzi.

Pa percolation kusamvana sitepe alekanitsa anapanga exudate, kuchepetsa (kuchuluka) m'mapapo zotupa ndi kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Ndithudi, njira ya chibayo kusonyeza njira khalidwe la boma anafotokoza za chamoyo. Kuwonjezera chibayo chitsanzo cha matenda ambiri lililonse mwachindunji zokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha kutupa zikhoza kukhala:

• Atherosclerosis.
• Khansa zotupa.
• Mphumu kusintha.
• Prostatitis: onse pachimake ndi aakulu.
• Matenda a dongosolo mtima (mwachitsanzo, inatsekeratu mtsempha wamagazi matenda).
• Glomerulonephritis.
• Matumbo kutupa.
• Matenda ziwalo m'dera la mafupa a chiuno ndi.
• Nyamakazi.
• Gulu la matenda autoimmune.
• Vasculitis.
• Cystitis.
• Kumuika kukanidwa.
• Sarcoidosis.

Pomaliza, banal ziphuphu zakumaso saoneka chifukwa cha njira yotupa mu khungu ndi zigawo zakuya za khungu.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti chitetezo cha m'thupi amachita nthabwala wankhanza ndi thupi, kuchititsa chitukuko cha kutupa. Masulirani mwachidule njira, tikhoza kunena kuti thupi m'thupi akuukira thupi lake. Iwo akhoza kuzindikira lonse dongosolo thupi monga kuopseza dongosolo lonse la moyo. N'chifukwa chiyani zimenezi, mwatsoka, si bwino.

okutira

Kumene, pa kusintha yotupa wa kusinthasintha kusalekerera si inshuwaransi ndi wina wa amoyo. Komanso, ndondomeko imeneyi inali kuperekedwa kwa anthu muuthunthu cholinga kukhala chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi kuthandiza thupi bwinobwino zambiri kupereka njira kwa chirengedwe. Choncho, kumvetsa zimagwirira wochitika pa yotupa metamorphosis koyenera kuti aliyense wokhala amazindikira dziko.