Labor zokolola - ndi mawerengedwe chilinganizo. Avereji ntchito zokolola, chilinganizo

Labor zokolola ndi muyezo konsekonse chifukwa amakhala mphamvu ya ndalama ntchito yopanga katundu. amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira zosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu iwiri ya ntchito monga chida: payekha - okhudza ntchito munthu kupanga shopu, ogwira ntchito ndi anthu za dera, dziko kapena gulu la mayiko.

Kuyenera anazindikira kuti chithunzi lipindulitsa kwenikweni chizindikiro zachuma amene atsimikiza muyezo zikuluzikulu zomwe dzuwa la kupanga kudziŵa Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani zosiyanasiyana, mmene mankhwala kwambiri adzapanga ntchito pa munthu ola (mu njira iyi, iwo ali muyeso wa msinkhu wa ulimi chikhalidwe ndi khalidwe zachuma - zokolola ).

Tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa lilili m'mabaibulo angapo, m'njira zosiyanasiyana amaganizira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ulimi. Ndipo ambiri a iwo. Ngati ife kulankhula za chitukuko cha kumalo a ntchito, zinthu zidzakhala zokha ndi kuwongolera ake mankhwala quality, kuchepetsa ndalama ndi zipangizo, njira nzeru mmene kukumana ndi mphamvu Mwachangu, msonkho kukhathamiritsa, komanso kusintha kwa kapangidwe likulu.

The Russian chuma mu dongosolo la zokolola International Labor

Mlingo wa ntchito tikukhala mu ulimi wa chuma katundu amadziwika ndi processability kupanga chikhalidwe. chiwerengerochi ndi muyezo zofunika kwa kuthekera chuma cha dziko. Russia pa chizindikiro ichi ndi mtsogoleri mwa maiko CIS, kusonyeza kukula kwa 1999 2011 ndi 60%. Komabe, Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti kukula kunatheka chifukwa chakuti dzana, mu nthawi kuchokera 1989 1998. Mu dziko mwadongosolo utachepa zokolola. Tikutsata ndondomeko za kuwerengetsa mphamvu yake, analemba ndi World Bank linasonyeza kuti pa zaka khumi zapitazi ku Russia anakwanitsa kwambiri kutukula mpikisano wa za cuma. Mu 2010, ntchito zokolola mu chuma Russian anakwana 43% ya mlingo wa maiko otukuka mu gulu Cooperation Economic ndi Development (womwenso m'mayiko 34, kuphatikizapo mayiko US, Canada ndi EU) ndi 75% kuchokera maiko posachedwapa analowa ammudzi.

Mbiri kufufuza mphamvu ya zokolola ntchito

Khadili chidwi cha mphamvu ya zokolola ntchito Russia anapereka PhD, mutu wa Center kwa mayiko Economic Kufananitsa Kudrov Valentin Mihaylovich. Iye anayerekezera zokolola za Soviet Union ndi United States pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Wasayansi amakhulupirira kuti pansi Khrushchev, chithunzi cha Soviet Union anali pa msinkhu wa 35% ya mlingo US, ndi pansi Brezhnev (amene tinkachita kumbuyo) anakana kwambiri - mpaka 27%. Pakali pano, ndi kuthetsa vutoli, Russia kamodzinso nditapatsidwa chiŵerengero izi, ngakhale pang'ono yopambana "Khrushchev."

Malinga ndi wasayansi, kuti kusintha Mwachangu kupanga chikhalidwe adzasintha dongosolo chikhalidwe kugonjetsa matumba a inefficiencies zokhudza zonse kugwirizana ndi:

- inefficient gulu la ntchito ;

- katundu wodzaza mphamvu chakale kupanga;

- simungathe ogwira;

- malamulo kuchepa ntchito mavuto a nthawi yathu;

- lotha umisiri;

- malamulo zotchinga;

- kupanda zolinga za anthu a pa;

- kuchepa kwa msika utuluke ndalama.

Labor zokolola monga kutsimikizira mfundo ano zachuma

kukula Komanso ya zokolola ntchito, chuma asonyeza ndi kuchuluka manufacturability. Yaikulu njira ogwirizana. Mphamvu wamkulu, akuchita kukonzekera njira ya chitukuko zachuma, ndithudi ayenera kuwunika ntchito yakuti pa kugwilizana kwa zizindikiro zazikulu za citukuko ya GDP ndi ntchito ndalama kupanga ake. Tanthauzo la vuto la kuwonjezeka zokolola za ntchito anatuluka mu mapulani onse a ntchito. Mu 2012, lamulo № 596 yosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Russian Vladimir Putin, amene akukonza ndondomeko ya zachuma yaitali mpaka 2018. Mu chikalata ichi, tikulankhula za kuwonjezeka zokolola mu Russian chuma cha dziko ndi theka, poyerekeza ndi mlingo 2011. Kukhazikitsa dongosolo monga ndemanga ndi pulezidenti wa, kudzakhala kotheka kokha kupyolera kukhazikitsa zochitika nzeru matalala chuma. Komanso, kumabungwe chifungulo cha chuma afike mzere kanayi kuwonjezeka zokolola!

Akamanena za kuwonjezeka zokolola ntchito

Vuto la kuchepetsa ndalama okwana kupanga pamene kuchepetsa iwo mu chiwerengero cha ntchito wamoyo uli wakuti zamakono. Pankhaniyi, ndondomeko za kuwonjezeka zokolola Sichili chinthu chobisika, kuti linamasuliridwa ndi kuwonjezeka buku la kupanga pokhalabe mkulu mlingo wa khalidwe: kupanga umakhala waphindu. Yotsirizira sikutanthauza chabe kuwonjezera mphamvu zake, komanso kuchepa ndalama wagawo; kukhathamiritsa mkombero wa makope katundu; ndi maximization la mlingo wa phindu.

Komanso, nthawi yaitali makhalidwe a kuwongolera ntchito ayenera ponso malipiro ake (monga angalimbikitsire imayambitsa kuwonjezeka kupanga ntchito payekha ogwira). Pa mlingo wamkulu ayenera poyerekeza, monga dzuwa ntchito anthu poyerekeza ndi chuma wake. M'dziko mwapang'onopang'ono ayenera mwadongosolo chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi za chikhalidwe cha ntchito zake ntchito.

zokolola. Chilinganizo 1 №

Mwachionekere, pa kayendetsedwe ka ndondomeko kuchuluka kwa zokolola ntchito zikhazikitsidwe pa njira kwa kudziwa ndi potaya. Akufuna kusintha ntchito imayenera ntchito anthu wasenza mothandizidwa ndi zizindikiro ziwiri. zokolola classically anatsimikiza zochokera linanena bungwe, komanso kwambiri. Kupanga akhoza limanenedwa ngati quotient akamagwira kugawa buku la mankhwala chopangidwa (M) kwa anazichita kupanga nthawi yake, n'kulemba ntchito mwakhama (T) pamoyo (onani Eq. 1).

B = G / T (1)

Kuvuta - .. The osiyanitsidwa mtengo poyerekeza ndi chiphunzitso cha mwachitsanzo limasonyeza kuchuluka kwa nthawi ayenera amaika ntchito kupanga zotsimikizira mtengo ena (onani chilinganizo 2.).

W = T / Q (2)

Tiyeneranso zikhulupiriro kuti buku la mankhwala chopangidwa masamu mtengo (kwambiri chilengedwe wamba) achilengedwe, ndi ntchito-mtundu ndi mawonekedwe.

makampani migodi chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mawonekedwe a chirengedwe, makampani kuwala - ndi masoka. njira Labor amagwiritsa ntchito njira zimenezo zinapita nthawi poyerekeza muyezo.

Bwinobwino chitukuko kuchita masamu wabwino intervals nthawi, kusonyeza khama (chelovekoden, munthu maola). Komabe, zikuonekeratu kuti chilinganizo izi ndiyopenekela, Mkhalidwe. Ndipotu, kuchita, ndi ntchito osalunjika wa zokolola. The mawerengedwe chilinganizo ndi osachepera ayenera zimadalira chiwerengero cha anthu ogwira ntchito yopanga (m. E. Kuganizira lonse kupanga) ndi besprostoynosti kupanga.

Labor wopindula nthawi kuthamanga chitukuko yaikulu

achindunji kwambiri ndi ubale wa zokolola ndi mankhwala khalidwe. Panopa bungwe theka-zodziwikiratu kupanga chimapambana makampani Russian. Imeneyi, kuwongolera mfundo kupanga n'kogwiritsa kuwonjezeka mu machitidwe a "ntchito yamanja." The chochitika yamasika, ngati achibwana, zikutanthauza kulephera kutsatira dongosolo, ndi nkhani ya khalidwe ayenerere mankhwala amachepetsa.

Kodi kwambiri kuonjezera zokolola? The mawerengedwe chilinganizo adzakhala: kuwonjezera nthawi ya tsiku ntchito (kapena mwa kuwonekera pa zisanu ndi tsiku ntchito sabata). Profitability sanali kwambiri kuonjezera chifukwa chakuti ndalama atathana kukhala sichinasinthe. Komabe, mawu kumabweretsa chinthu chimodzi - kusagwirizana chikhalidwe, "makalasi m'munsi sindikufuna, ndi makalasi chapamwamba sindingakhoze."

Labor zokolola kumabungwe sanali kupanga chuma

Kodi yekha mu gawo mafakitale tiyenera kuyesetsa zokolola? Chuma US Mwachitsanzo, zimasonyeza chizolowezi ndi muyeso kwambiri mu gawo la ntchito GDP. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2010 cholowa cha US kupanga zinthu mu GDP anali zosakwana 20%! Choncho n'zoonekeratu kuti ntchito zomangamanga, kusanthula anatsimikiza ndi muyezo zina kuposa kufunika kwa ntchito za mafakitale. Kwa iwo, zogwirizana zizindikiro Choyenereza ntchito zochitika zapadera kuwona china kutchulidwa. Komanso, pa ntchito zawo motengera yamtunduwu wa kasamalidwe ndi mgwirizano gulu la ntchito.

Ponena za msinkhu kasamalidwe i Chofunika kwambiri ndi chidziwitso cha makhalidwe a bizinesi komanso akuyang'anira kasamalidwe zinachitikira zilipo.

zokolola. chilinganizo 2

Pakuti kugwirizana kwambiri kudziwa zokolola za chilinganizo (II) koyamba zikuchokera ntchito yake ndi downtime china. Zambiri tidzakambirana kudzera CRC (zachabe chiŵerengero), amatanthauziridwa kuti chiŵerengero cha leni nthawi m'posafunika kuchita okwana nthawi opaleshoni. Proizvozvodstvo padera mu "ntchito yamanja", anakhala ndi ogwira ntchito adzakhala anasonyeza mwa mawu a T1 - ndalama ntchito munthu choikidwa ntchito imodzi, ndipo B - chiwerengero cha antchito. Choncho tinapeza chilinganizo chachiwiri kudziwa zokolola (onani chilinganizo 3.):

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (T1 * H) (3)

Komabe, monga takambirana kale, zovuta ndipo sanali liniya mfundo ndi zokolola. Chilinganizo cha izo, mwachionekere, kumadalira osati kokha pa chinthu anthu.

zokolola chilinganizo kutenga nkhani ndalama

Zikuoneka vuto zovuta za kufunika kwa ndalama ku opanga - muyezo waukulu mphamvu ya chuma cha dziko. Bukuli lili pa ziyenera a zokolola ntchito mwa kupenda mosalekeza ake. Investor ayenela kutsogoleledwa zimene ndalama chingandithandize mkombero ulimi wa kampani iye anayambitsa. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti iwo ganizilani zimene ndalama izo lobweretsa 1 ruble kupanga. Choncho, chilinganizo pamwambapa kukodzedwa likuvutika zokhudzana wagawo mtengo zizindikiro kupanga: yochepa dera (zolowa likulu); Ezekieli (zikugwira ntchito ndalama); P (kukonza ndalama); KUCHOKERA (trudooplaty); (Malipiro msonkho) H; Etc. (ndalama zina zikuchitika (utsogoleri, etc.).

P = (G * (1 - CRC)) / (W * H * T1) = (G * (1 - CRC)) / ((Ezekieli + RS + R + RT + H + AP) * T1 * H)

njira oyang'anira patsogolo zokolola

Ankamvera pansi kafukufuku pa nkhani ya makhalidwe chuma microeconomics zikusonyeza malo multifactorial. Masiku kutsogolera chitukuko mafakitale ndi zapamwamba zokha. Choncho, ungwiro anachita ndi ogwira ntchito ya polojekiti ndi kulamulira ntchito mwachindunji kunditumiza ku zipangizo apadera ndi zipangizo basi.

Ambiri Ngopambana odziwika bwino, kuyambira utsogoleri wa kampaniyo, anayamba kulimbana zokolola ntchito kuti miyeso m'gulu: wosalira kukonza, kuchepetsa ogwira ntchito sangathe kulimbana ndi mfundo mafakitale, honing mmene kukumana, kukhathamiritsa wa kumbuyo-ofesi. Iwo ntchito konza osiyanasiyana mankhwala pa muyezo profitability.

Avereji ntchito zokolola

makampani yosowa kwambiri ndi mabizinezi kupanga zipatso zosiyanasiyana katundu, wopangidwa mwa mankhwala amodzi okha. N'zoonekeratu kuti aliyense Udindo osiyanasiyana mankhwala kumatanthauza ndalama zosiyanasiyana za ulimi. Pamene ichi anatsimikiza ndi chiyerekezo ntchito zokolola? Ndondomeko Mzimuyo pafupifupi linanena bungwe (V _s) wapangidwa ndi ndalama za mankhwala angapo mankhwala kupanga chilichonse malo osiyanasiyana (O _i), kuchulukitsa ndi chinthu zoyenera kutembenuka mtima (K _i) (onani chilinganizo 4.):

_Mu = Σ O _Ine K _{ine (4)}

Chiŵerengero chomwecho limanenedwa motere:

- Kudziwa osachepera nthawi yambiri malo osiyanasiyana;

- zovuta zina zilizonse udindo wake lagawidwa ndi athandizira osachepera ntchito. Izi chiŵerengero ankafuna.

Tatchulawa ndalama pa zinthu mwa zinthu kutembenuka salisiyanitsa kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana kukhala yunifolomu, osachepera kwambiri.

Pomaliza

Pofuna kukwaniritsa mlingo lino la zokolola ntchito, makamaka ndalama ayenera kuganizira zinthu zambiri: zakuthupi, luso, anthu ndi chuma. Onse a iwo, mfundozi ayenera comprehensively anatengedwa kupita Ngopambana nkhani kulenga njira kwenikweni zingamuthandize ndi kupanga bwino.

Komabe, ngakhale ndi gulu labwino la otsogolera mu patsogolo zokolola ntchito kampani wokwatibwa ndi ntchito gulu: yopanga ndi ogwira nonproduction. Ndi izi anthu kuposa wina aliyense akhoza kuwona mwayi untapped kampani "awo". Choncho, iwo ayenera kukhala ndi chidwi mgwirizano ndi kasamalidwe kampani: kupeza mwayi kuchuluka zokolola: kuonjezera kupanga kupulumutsa ndalama, kuchepetsa ntchito mwamphamvu.

Ngati zinthu za ogwira kupanga ogwira ntchito zimene kungotchula - kudzera kasamalidwe, m'midzi ya - mwachindunji. ndi nkhokwe chiyani? The yochepa Yankho: ndi kusalumikizana ntchito mbali ziwiri: luso ndi gulu. Nkhokwe, monga kuyenera zinthu (siyana sanali oonekera) analembedwa mwamsanga ndipo pa intervals wamfupi nthawi, ntchito zawo zinasonyeza kuti njira za kulera zokolola tsopano.