Likulu: katundu ndi mitundu

Mantha dongosolo ndi mbali yaikulu mu kuonetsetsa umphumphu wa chamoyo, komanso lamulo ake. njira akutsatiridwa anatomical ndi thupi zovuta, kuphatikizapo CNS (chapakati mantha dongosolo). Iye ali ndi dzina - likulu. Katundu kuti amakhala ndi: occlusion mpumulo chapakati, mlingo kusintha. Iwo ndi anthu ena adzakhala kufukulidwa nkhaniyi.

Lingaliro la likulu ndi katundu

Poyamba, ife apeza ntchito yaikulu ya ubongo - kaphatikizidwe. N'zotheka chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka ubongo ndi msana. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapapo likulu ya katundu - innervation kupuma (inspiratory ndi expiratory). Iwo lili ventricle chachinayi, mapangidwe reticular (medulla oblongata). Malinga ndi kafukufuku ndi N. A. Mislavskogo, tichipeza mbali symmetrically anaika udindo kwa inhalation ndi mpweya.

Mu woyendera nthambi kumtunda kwa pons pnevmotaksichesky ndi wosiyana, amene nthawi mbali aforesaid ndi nyumba ya ubongo udindo kayendedwe kupuma. Choncho, katundu ambiri malo mitsempha kupereka lamulo la ntchito thupi la thupi: zamtima ntchito, excretion, kupuma ndi chimbudzi.

Chiphunzitso cha kutanthauzira zazikulu ntchito I. P. Pavlova

Malinga ndi mfundo wasayansi ndi zochita wapamwamba reflex ali kotekisi ndi mu msana zone n'kupuma. njira zovuta monga chikumbukiro, chinenero, maganizo, amagwirizana ndi madera ena a ubongo ndi ndizo zotsatira za ntchito integrative ambiri m'madera wake. The katundu thupi malo mitsempha ndi kuyambitsa mapangidwe ndondomeko zofunika ntchito apamwamba mantha. Mu neuroscience, ku mfundo anatomical amazionera, ziwalo za chapakati mantha dongosolo, wopangidwa mwa ziwalo za afferent ndi efferent manyuroni kuti anadziwika monga malo mitsempha. Iwo amaona kuti ndi Russian wasayansi P. K. Anohin kupanga kachitidwe zinchito (kucheza manyuroni kuti ntchito zofanana ndi zomwe angathe m'madera osiyanasiyana a chapakati mantha dongosolo).

walitsa malemeredwe

Kupitiriza kuphunzira katundu zofunika malo mitsempha mu mawonekedwe a amasiya kafalitsidwe njira ziwiri zazikulu zimene zimachitika mu mitsempha minofu - ndi malemeredwe ndi chopinga. Njirayi imatchedwa walitsa. Ngati mphamvu ya nzothandiza ndipo nthawi n'loonadi lalikulu zikhumbo mitsempha mogwirizana neurocytes-spikes, komanso manyuroni. Iwo kuphatikiza ndi afferent ndi efferent neurocytes, kuchititsa Landilani arcs reflex.

Taganizirani chopinga (monga malo mitsempha chuma) mwatsatanetsatane. Reticular mapangidwe a ubongo chimapereka walitsa ndi zina malo mitsempha. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa limafotokoza chifukwa muzingochita kapena kuteteza kufala kwa malemeredwe. Mwachitsanzo, kukhalapo kwa synapses ochepetsera ndi neurocytes. nyumba izi ndi ntchito zofunika zodzitetezera potero kuchepetsa chiopsezo overdriving wa chigoba minofu angathe kusamukira ku chikhalidwe spasmodic.

Pambuyo poganizira malemeredwe walitsa, m'pofunika kukumbukira mbali zotsatirazi za mitsempha mtima. Limayenda okha centripetal kuti centrifugal ubongo (kwa dvuhneyronnoy, reflex Arc). Ngati reflex ndi zovuta zambiri, ubongo kapena msana interneurons anapanga - maselo intercalary mitsempha. Iwo amatenga chisangalalo cha afferent neurocyte kenako kupereka kwa galimoto maselo mitsempha. Mu synapses bioelectric unidirectional nyemba monga iwo amapita woyamba presynaptic Kakhungu ya selo mitsempha, hereinafter mu mphanga synaptic, ndipo Kuchokera m'menemo - mu Kakhungu postsynaptic wa neurocyte wina.

Chimangirizo za zilakolako mitsempha

Tiyenera kupitiriza kuphunzira za katundu malo mitsempha. Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ya ubongo waukulu ndi msana, kukhala nthambi zofunika kwambiri ndi zovuta za mankhwala, kuphunzira conduction wa malemeredwe mwa magulu manyuroni kuti ntchito wamba. katundu - chimangirizo kungakhale zosatha kapena okhudza malo. Nthawi zonse, ofooka mitsempha zikhumbo chifukwa cha zikuchitika subliminal akuwonjezeka (mwachidule). Zimenezi zimabweretsa kumasulidwa wochuluka mamolekyulu kwa acetylcholine kapena mtundu wina, umene amapanga angathe kuchitapo kanthu pa neurocytes.

mlingo kusinthika

Mawu amenewa amanena za kusintha malemeredwe pafupipafupi wakupambana mwa maofesi CNS manyuroni. Mwa njira zomwe zimatha malo mitsempha - ndi nyemba kusintha mlingo umene kumachitika chifukwa cha kufalitsidwa kwa malemeredwe kwa manyuroni angapo njira yaitali zomwe ndi kukhudzana malo pa wina mitsempha maselo (kusinthika improver). Ngati pali minyewa osakwatira angathe kuchitapo kanthu chifukwa cha chimangirizo za malemeredwe angathe postsynaptic - Nkhani kutsitsa mtengo kusintha.

Divergence ndi mgwirizano malemeredwe

Iwo ndi zogwirizana njira zomwe zimatha malo mitsempha. Mgwirizanowu reflex zochitika chifukwa chakuti ubongo imodzi amalandira nyemba ku analyzers zosiyanasiyana zolandilira: zithunzi, olfactory ndi khungu minofu tilinazo. Maselo mitsempha, iwo kusanthula ndipo limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Zoyenereza bioelectric. Anthu nawonso, kunditumiza ku mbali zina za ubongo reticular mapangidwe. Zimenezi zofunika amatchedwa mgwirizano.

Komabe, minyewa amalandira zikhumbo osati kwa maselo ena, komanso mitundu ya synapses ndi neurocytes oyandikana. Izi chodabwitsa divergence. katundu onse kupereka kufala kwa malemeredwe mu CNS. Choncho, kuchotsedwa kwa mitsempha ya ubongo ndi maselo msana kuti ntchito wamba - ndi likulu, katundu amene tiganizire. Imakhala lamulo ziwalo zonse ndi kachitidwe ka thupi la munthu.

ntchito maziko

Thupi katundu malo mitsempha, mmodzi amene anafotokoza lachibadwa, i.e. mapangidwe maziko magetsi nyemba manyuroni Mwachitsanzo, kupuma kapena m'mimba pakati, chifukwa peculiarities wa kapangidwe wokha minofu mantha. Iwo amatha kudziletsa m'badwo wa njira bioelectric wa malemeredwe ngakhale pakalibe zikuchitika mokwanira. Ndi chifukwa divergence ndi mgwirizano wa malemeredwe, ankaona kale, neurocytes kulandira zikhumbo ku malo mitsempha ya okondwa postsynaptic Relations chomwecho reticular mapangidwe ubongo.

ntchito mowiriza choncho chifukwa microdoses acetylcholine kulowa minyewa ku mphanga synaptic. Mgwirizano, kusinthako, ntchito maziko, ndi zina la likulu ndi chikhalidwe chawo zimadalira mwachindunji pa mlingo kagayidwe mu neurocytes ndi glia.

Mitundu chimangirizo malemeredwe

Anthuwa ankatengedwa ntchito za I. M. Sechenova, amene anasonyeza kuti reflex zingachititse ofooka (subliminal) zikuchitika angapo amene nthawi zambiri zokwanira ali pa likulu. The katundu wa maselo mwake, kutanthauza mpumulo chapakati ndi occlusion, ndipo tidzakambirana mwa ife mopitirira.

Ndi kukondoweza munthawi yomweyo njira centripetal ayankhe ndi wamkulu kuposa Uwerenge masamu mphamvu zikuchitika kuchita chilichonse ulusi izi. katundu Ichi chikudziwika ngati thandizo lapadera. Ngati irritants kanthu pessimal, kaya mphamvu zawo ndi pafupipafupi, zimayambitsa kuchepa yankho - ndi occlusion. Ndi osiyanitsidwa wa chimangirizo za malemeredwe katundu ndi amachepetsa mphamvu ya zikhumbo mitsempha. Choncho, katundu malo mitsempha - chapakati mpumulo occlusion - zimadalira Kapangidwe ka zida synaptic lopangidwa ndi pakhomo zone (chapakati) ndi subthreshold (zotumphukira) felemu.

Kutopa kwa minofu mantha a udindo wake

The Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa wa malo amanjenje, tanthauzo, mitundu ndi katundu kale anaphunzira kale ndi maofesi chibadidwe manyuroni chingakhale chosakwanira ngati ife sankaona chinthu monga kutopa. malo mitsempha amakakamizidwa kudutsa yokha yothandizira mndandanda wa nyemba, kupereka katundu reflex wa mantha dongosolo lapadera. Chifukwa cha njira kwambiri kagayidwe kachakudya ikuchitika mu thupi la ubongo ndi glia, pali kudzikundikira zoipa kagayidwe kachakudya poizoni. The kuwonongeka kwa kotunga magazi mitsempha maofesi komanso zimayambitsa kuchepa ntchito yawo chifukwa chakuchepa mpweya ndi shuga. anathandiza kutukula za kutopa ndi kupanga malo mitsempha Komanso ojambula selo - synapses kuti mofulumira kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa timene mu mphanga synaptic.

Genesis malo mitsempha

Maofesi neurocytes pabwino mu chapakati mantha dongosolo ndipo ali ndi udindo Kutsata mu ntchito za chamoyo, zimasintha anatomical ndi thupi. Iwo anafotokoza ndi zovuta kuchuluka kwa ntchito thupi ndi maganizo zimene zimachitika pa moyo wa munthu. kusintha zofunika kwambiri zokhudza makhalidwe m'badwo wa katundu wa malo amanjenje, tikuona mu chitukuko cha njira zofunika kwambiri monga bipedalism, kulankhula ndi maganizo kusiyanitsa Homo sapiens kwa mamembala ena a gulu la nyama. Mwachitsanzo, mawu mapangidwe akupezeka zaka zitatu. Kukhala yense zovuta za bongo wabwino, izo aumbike pamaziko a zikuchitika anazindikira proprioceptors minofu ya lilime, milomo ndi timinofu ya m'phuno ndi minofu kupuma. Pofika kumapeto kwa chaka chachitatu cha moyo wa mwana iwo onse anabwera palimodzi mu kachitidwe zinchito, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kutumphuka m'dziko atagona pa tsinde la wosakoma gyrus mazunzo. Ena amati dera Broca a.

Mu mapangidwe a ntchito mawu kumafuna ndi Malo gyrus kuposa zosatha (pakati Wernicke a). Chisangalalo ku mathero mitsempha ya zida mawu akulowa galimoto, malo zithunzi ndi Makutu a kotekisi oziziritsa, kumene anapanga malo mawu.