N'chifukwa chiyani masamba obiriwira? N'chifukwa chiyani nawonso amafunika izo?

Zomera - mmodzi wa maufumu asanu zamoyo padziko lathuli. Iwo ali eukaryotes ndi anthu mwachitsanzo amene maselo muli phata.

Kapangidwe ka mbewu

Iwo akhoza kukhala unicellular kapena multicellular. Yotsirizira yagawidwa m'magawo monga wobiriwira, zofiirira ndi wofiira algae, spore, gymnosperms ndi angiosperms. algae za thupi zigwirizana selo imodzi, ndipo ambiri, koma dongosolo lawo palibe matupi, thupi olimba - wotchedwa Thallus. Mu spore, gymnosperms ndi angiosperms (zomera maluwa) anati pamaso pa zimakhala kusiyanitsidwa ndi ziwalo. Recent ogaŵikana vegetative ndi zobereka. Zakale amanena Mpulumutsi (mapulaniwo ndi masamba) ndi mizu. Anthu ambiri amadabwa kuti, "Bwanji masamba obiriwira," Bwanji mtundu uwu? Komanso, ana ambiri amafunsa funso limeneli: "N'chifukwa chiyani masamba obiriwira?" Ndipo nkhaniyi tidzayambira ndi nkhaniyi.

N'chifukwa chiyani masamba obiriwira?

mtundu Ichi ndi chifukwa kukhalapo kwa chlorophyll. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha pigment atayika ndi pepala wobiriwira ndi n'kukhala wofiira, lalanje kapena wachikasu. N'chifukwa chiyani muyenera zinthu izi? Icho chiri mophweka zofunika kwa zomera. Popanda izo sizingakhoze chitani ndondomeko ya dzuwa imene zakudya amapangidwa. zomera Organic mankhwala zambiri zimapezeka kokha mwa ndondomeko. Komabe, mitundu ina amene amakhala mu zigawo za mmusi za rainforest, musati kupeza kuwala kokwanira kwa dzuwa zonse, choncho anayamba kusaka kwa tizilombo ochepa kwambiri, motero akulipira chifukwa chosowa mankhwala organic. Zikuphatikizapo sundew, slipper yamunthu ndi zina zotero D..

Mwachidule za kapangidwe ka khungu chomera

Amakhala ndi madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu, khoma selo wa mapadi, ndi cytoplasm muli organelles ndi phata kuti ndi DNA. The cytoplasm lili organelles limeneli la mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole (mu khola akale - limodzi lalikulu, mu wamng'ono - pang'ono zing'onozing'ono), ndi Golgi zovuta, ndipo plastids (chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts). Aliyense wa iwo akuchita ake ntchito. Mitochondria kutulutsa mphamvu, ribosomes lithe mapuloteni endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum) amapanga zamadzimadzi vacuoles kudziunjikira zinthu osafunika monga kutsogolera iwo kunja kwa mpanda wolimba selo zosatheka chloroplasts akudutsa dzuwa ndondomeko, chromoplasts muli inki, leucoplasts malo zakudya kusungidwa ( kwenikweni, izi wowuma).

Kodi dzuwa?

Zimenezi ikuchitika chloroplasts imene ili mu cytoplasm lapansi. organelles Awa odnomembrannymi mu dongosolo lawo kumaphatikizapo thylakoids - woonda mbale pamodzi nkhope - mulu. Ndi mwa iwo ndipo muli wotchedwa chlorophyll - umene uli masamba chifukwa wobiriwira. Komanso, chloroplasts muli ribosomes, nawo mu chiphunzitso cha mapuloteni, wowuma granule, komanso zozungulira DNA, imene nkhani zalembedwera pa zinthu zofunika apanga mchipindamo. Mu ndondomeko ya photosynthesis, zomera kuyamwa mphamvu ya dzuŵa, madzi ndi mpweya ndi kutulutsa mpweya monga chochokera zosiyanasiyana. Michere kuti athandize kuchita ankachita mankhwala ndi mwachindunji mu chloroplast masanjidwewo (mankhwala kudzaza).

Kodi tichipeza masamba?

thupi ili angazindikire mitundu yambiri ya chomera minofu, iwo ndi anayi. Izi khungu, mesophyll, kuchititsa minofu (xylem ndi phloem), ndi minofu makina. Photosynthesis chikuchitika ndendende mu mesophyll, kapena parenchyma. Mukhoza kuona maselo a tsamba pansi simungathe kutiona. Izi mpira chapamwamba - pa khungu. Maselo Kukadakhala anakonza kwambiri ndi mzake, koma wosanjikiza ili lili pores kuti kulola kuyamwa mpweya woipa ndi kumasula mpweya, ndi zonse madzi ndi kutentha monyanyira. Parenchyma (mesophyll) lagawidwa zigawo ziwiri - mmodzi wa maselo columnar, winayo - chinkhupule. Mu zakale lili ambiri chloroplasts kuposa wachiwiri. Xylem ziwiya operekedwa kudzera zomwe madzi umaperekedwa kwa mizu ndi masamba, i.e. oposa ndi phloem sitopodobnyh tichipeza machubu mwa madzi chimadzera pansi. Mawotchi chomwecho minofu pepala kupereka chinthu chimodzimodzi ndi kukhazikika, mawonekedwe makamaka.