Luso Gzhel: chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha nsomba amakono. Kodi Jambulani gzhel?

Mu dziko la otchuka yowala ndi wapadera, losaiwalika ndi ndakatulo luso Gzhel. Zochitika ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ndiponso anthu oti azingokondana, mapangidwe zamaluwa, zopangidwa ndi mithunzi osiyana a mtundu buluu pa maziko moyera-, kukopa diso ndi kutilodza. Iwo kulibe mu dziko awiri zinthu zofanana Gzhel, kaya ndi chikho, shuga mbale kapena mbale, chifukwa aliyense wa iwo zojambulidwa ndi dzanja chithunzicho. Nkhaniyi adzayesa za mbiri ya chitukuko nsomba, makamaka kupenta, amene ali gzhel wotchuka momwe jambulani dongosolo lake ndi kumene bwino kuyamba.

Kumene mungapeze izo?

makilomita 60 kuchoka Moscow, m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Gzhelka, ndi wakale m'mudzi Gzhel. Dzinali kuti walandira kuchokera Russian mawu akale "zhgel" kutanthauza "kutenthedwa." Okhulupirira okhala m'mayiko amenewa, anakwanitsa ngakhale moyo wamasiku ano kusunga njira wawo wa moyo ndi zikhulupiriro zawo.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Clay anali mmodzi poyambira, imene luso Gzhel chinayambira komanso anayamba kwa zaka zambiri. Ilo liri mu malo awa zili Gzhelian-Kudinovskoe gawo la dongo refractory. Am'deralo ncho ndi kupanga ziwiya zofunika panyumba, zokongoletsa ndi kukondweretsa nokha ndi ena.

C XVII m'ma Gzhel wamba dongo anatumizidwa ku Moscow mankhwala malamulo zosowa boma. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII dongo ku malo awa anathandiza kumasulira ndi mwambi wa dongo ndipo ntchito kulenga woyamba Russian mankhwala kwa izo.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX kumakhaladi kuchepa ojambula zithunzi, ntchito nokha, ndi ogwirizana munda, ndi bwino kwambiri lotseguka awo, ngakhale ang'ono, fakitale.

Kukwera kwa 1917 adagonjetsa munda ndi shopu, opanda ntchito ambuye Gzhel. Only mu 1933 unakhazikitsidwa m'mudzi Turygin Gzhel zoumbaumba Factory, amene anayamba kuzichita ndi buluu woyera, osati akuda monga kale, mugs, mbale ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwa boma la Soviet.

Mu zaka lonse itatha, wowerengeka luso ndi mwachangu osauka. Ntchito pa nthawi imene tinali kale momwe luso Gzhel, chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha nsomba amakono, mogwirizana kaphatikizidwe amakhala mlingo watsopano luso aluso.

Mu 1972, ulimi kucheza "Gzhel", kusonkhanitsa onse amene alipo pa nthawi kupanga.

Kodi zikhale?

Gzhel luso imayamba ndi sewero la mankhwala m'tsogolo. Malinga ndi iye, wapadera mbuye modeller nkhungu ku chitsanzo dongo, amene wapanga pulasitala nkhungu. Pamene ikamauma, ndi kudula lengthwise mu magawo awiri ofanana, iliyonse ili anatsanulira Pepala kudzera payipi mphira - dongo ayeretsedwe, wasukuluka ndi madzi. Pambuyo kuyanika wa nkhungu kutenga mankhwala ndi kuda yotsalira ya zolumikizira amene anavula opravschitsami. Anavula nkhani zipita uvuni ndi kutentha 900 ⁰ C.

Monga Gzhel utoto?

Pambuyo mbaula otentha ndi nthawi kupenta, limene limayamba ndi kumasulira chitsanzo, kungoti chithunzicho, pa mankhwala, amaperekedwa pa turnetku Kukhazikika mukukonzeratu. Mbuyache ali mwayi ulipo umodzi basi recreate kayendedwe yeniyeni pakati chitsanzo, chifukwa nkhaniyo porous zimatenga inki yomweyo. Spatula, maburashi, phale ndi galasi mtsuko ndi wakuda okusayidi a cobalt - ndizo zida zonse. Cobalt - utoto wapadera chifukwa chojambula pa zoumbaumba. Pa ntchito ndi wakuda, kusintha mtundu yabuluu pambuyo kuwombera. Chithunzi yekha, koma yowala mithunzi buluu pa Kwatha - kwambiri! Kusiyana kumeneku zimatheka ndi njira yapadera makalata Gzhelian.

Features

Gzhel luso wa otchedwa underglaze kupenta, kuti amachitidwa pa shards zipolopolo patsogolo ntchito glaze pa izo. Pambuyo chitsanzo umagwiritsidwa, izo choviikidwa mu glaze, ndiye zipolopolo, koma pa kutentha 1350 ⁰ C. The njira yaikulu ya kupenta ndi yotakata sitiroko, kulola kuti akonze kusintha yosalala kwa buluu mdima kuti pang'ono buluu. chitsanzo ndipamene kuipitsa mbiri mosalekeza, onse yotakata ndi yopapatiza, pakubwezeretsa mu mzere woonda.

Lero tikhoza kulankhula za dongosolo kwaiye makalata Gzhelian ndi amene analenga kalembedwe wapadera ndi wapadera - Gzhel.

mitundu

Onse zosiyanasiyana Gzhel kupenta kusanduka ntchito kulenga mwa mitundu yake zitatu:

• Bzalani, chosonyeza stylized ndi zowombetsa mkota zitsamba, zipatso, udzu, masamba, garlands ndi bouquets. Nthawi zambiri mbuye utoto maluwa ndi daisies, maluwa ndi carnations, poppies ndi dahlias, asters ndi peonies.
• Yokongola. Pamafunikanso zosiyanasiyana "checkered", "tinyanga", "droplet", "ngale" ndi "Chisa" - thumba, ntchito kudzaza danga mkati mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu, monga bwalo kapena nyenyezi.
• Nkhani. Izi zilembo ndi zithunzi za ku nthano, chithunzicho amaona zinthu mu tsiku ndi tsiku m'matauni ndi kumidzi moyo, zigawo zosiyana za chilengedwe ndi malo.

Ndipo mmene yakulikoka?

Ngati inu sanakonde gzhel mmene kuukoka, ife tikuonetserani inu. Choyamba, musati chabe yesetsani waukulu ndi zovuta zikuchokera. Best wa onse, kukonzekera woyera ndi buluu gouache, gologolo burashi ndi mtsuko wa madzi, kuyesa dzanja lanu m'chifanizo cha mizere yosavuta molunjika, mitsempha ndi mfundo masamba a udzu ndi swirls, arcs. Ndiye, pamene onse ali katswiri, inu mukhoza kuyamba kuphunzira zikwapu zofunika ntchito kupenta. Yesani kuchita ndi mwana wake mu njira zojambula za "Gzhel". Ana si akunyogodola, ndi lalikulu nkhani zosangalatsa! Izi zolimbitsa olowa osati apeze banja ndipo mpata kulankhula, komanso kuthandiza mwana wanu maluso galimoto yabwino ya manja, kulimbikira, kuonetsetsa ndi kukumbukira.