Mafuta kachulukidwe

Kulemera chiŵerengero cha mankhwala kwa buku kapena misa pa wagawo buku amatchedwa osalimba. Ndi zinthu zonse kumasintha ndipo zimadalira chikhalidwe ndi zikuchokera. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa madzi ndi wofanana pafupifupi 1,003 g / cm3, ndi sitima - 1,025 g / cm3. Komanso, kuchuluka izi thupi linayenera additivity ulamuliro. Ndiko kuti, osalimba a osakaniza multicomponent (ndiko Mwachitsanzo, mafuta) ndi wofanana Uwerenge mankhwala makhalidwe a lililonse chigawo chimodzi mwa kulemera kwake kachigawo: ρsmesi = Σρi • CI. Njira yowerengera angagwiritsidwe ntchito zikuchokera yodziwika, komanso milandu anthu pamene safunikira kudziwa osalimba a mafuta mwandondomeko mkulu. Wina drawback njira kapangidwe - zovuta ndi ndalama kwambiri mtima wa aliyense chigawo. Pamafunika mtengo chromatographic zida ndi ndodo kwambiri oyenerera, monga aliyense mafuta mtundu amakhala ndi masiyanidwe lonse kukukhala a ambiri payekha, mankhwala makamaka organic (chimasanduka).

Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera kuti ambabala mafuta kachulukidwe zimasiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira zipangizo ndi njira zamakono kwa processing. Okonzeka zopangidwa yosiyanasiyana mwachindunji mafuta distillation, kusintha, isomerization, alkylation, othandizira akulimbana. Mafuta imakhala ambiri a chisakanizo cha paraffins, naphthenes ndi olefins. Pakali pano, mayiko ambiri anayambitsa zoletsa zomwe zili chimasanduka onunkhira olefins. Zimenezi zimachitika chifukwa cha zofuna zachilengedwe ndi kufunika kuchepetsa mpweya mapangidwe, kumene kumachitika chifukwa kukhalapo kwa benzene mu mafuta ndi ethylene mndandanda wa mankhwala, iwo mumakhalanso mafuta. Mankhwala osalimba, octeni chiwerengero chimene kuchuluka chifukwa aromatics zambiri kuposa mafuta ndi okhutira otsika benzene ndi homologues ake.

Komanso, chotsirizidwa anyamula zina zapadera. Iwo bwanji osalimba a mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, oxygenates, monga Mowa, kulola kuwonjezera dzuwa kuyaka ndi kuchepetsa ndende ya mpweya monoxide mu mpweya utsi. Malangizo ndi malamulo zamakono la kumalo a ntchito ndiyo zigawo kuti akhoza zidzawonjezedwa kwa mafuta. Panopa m'dziko lathu pali mapepala angapo, normalizing khalidwe la mafuta galimoto galimoto ndi injini mafuta.

Interstate muyezo GOST 2184-77 angandisindikizirenso mu February 2003, ndi kusinthidwa 1-6 pa 1981, 1983, 1984, 1990, 1997 ndi 2002, komanso kusinthidwa awiri kuchokera 2000 ndi 2001, iwo anazindikira mwa 10 limati - .. The mayiko kale USSR. Latsopano la Russia, mfundo zake ntchito kokha wopanda ledi mankhwala A-76. mafuta osalimba pa 20 ° C mogwirizana ndi Boma pano si malamulo, koma tanthauzo lake chofunika asanayambe kutumiza kwa ogula. Njira chaichi pycnometrically hydrometric kuyesedwa, zimene ndi GOST 3900-85.

State muyezo wa dziko lathu GOST 51105-97 (kwa iye lofalitsidwa mu 1999 ndi 2000, kusintha nambala 1 ndi nambala 2.) Kodi ntchito kwa 01.01.1999 ndi imakhudzanso wopanda ledi galimoto mafuta, zomwe, malingana ndi mtengo wa octeni chiwerengero amagwa mtunduwu: Super 98 umafunika 95 Wokhazikika 92 Wokhazikika 91, 80. The kachulukidwe yachibadwa a mafuta ndi zina mankhwala 92 Ron 91 98 ndi yovomerezeka pa 15 ° C ndi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera makilogalamu 725 kwa 780 / M3. Mankhwala kalasi Normal 80 akhoza zimasiyana makilogalamu 700 mpaka 750 / M3. Mkhalidwe umenewu anatsimikiza pogwiritsa ntchito hydrometer kwa njira mayeso malinga GOST 51069-97.

Other dziko muyezo - GOST R 51886-2002 - linakhazikitsidwa mu Russian Federation, 01.07.2002, 01.07.2008 ndipo anali naye, chiwerengero kusintha 1. Chikalatachi limafanana ndi wabwinobwino EN 228-2004 Ulaya agwiritsidwa kwa wopanda ledi zopangidwa mafuta Super Yuro -98 ndi yuro 95 umafunika. Iwo yodziwika ndi octeni nambala ya 98 ndi 95 motero. The kachulukidwe onse mafuta sukulu pa 15 ° C mu osiyanasiyana 720-750 makilogalamu / M3, anatsimikiza malinga GOST 51069-97 hydrometric njira.

Kodi n'chiyani chinachititsa kufunika kudziwa kachulukidwe wa mafuta galimoto? Choyamba, mtengo uwu kungotchula amadziwika zikuchokera mankhwala ndi Zimathandizanso kudziwa izo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati osalimba mpandawo ndi 0,980 makilogalamu / M3 kapena 0,650 makilogalamu / M3, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti si mafuta, ndi zina mankhwala ena. Komanso, osalimba a mafuta chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mchitidwe: kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala mu thanki yaikulu, amene sakhoza ingalemetsedwe, kuwerengera misa ndi kuchulukitsa ndi osalimba buku. Njira imeneyi imagwira wotchedwa mozungulira thereto amafuna limapangidwa GOST 8.595-2004. Kuyeza kutentha ndi mlingo wa mankhwala mu posungira ndi buku ake masamu. Mupewe chitsanzo mfundo malinga ndi GOST 2517-85, zimawathandiza ndi kudziwa kachulukidwe malinga GOST 51069-97 ndi GOST 3900-85. Zotsatira muyeso kungayambitse matenda muyezo (kutentha 15 20 ° C), pokhapokha kuti mfundo imeneyi ntchito kuwerengera misa ya mankhwala mu posungira.