Kuchuluka kwa gulu la zinyama

Moyo Padziko Lapansi unachokera kwa nthawi yaitali. Izo zinayambira mchikakamizo cha zosiyanasiyana zinthu zovuta zomwe nthawi zinachititsa osati maonekedwe a moyo, koma kuwonetseredwa mu njira zosiyana. Choncho, kuchulukitsa kwa zinthu zinachititsa mapangidwe chakuti moyo chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi machitidwe amene, pamodzi ndi subordinated wina ndi mzake kupanga yofunika Mipikisano magawo dongosolo, zomwe n'zosatheka opanda kulumikizana.

misinkhu Basic wa gulu la zinyama

Kuti timvetse dongosolo, muyenera kudziwa kuti akufuna dongosolo hierarchically subordinated kuti. Aliyense wa iwo akhoza kuonedwa kuti dongosolo osiyana kapena subsystem, koma kuzindikira kwathunthu za kaperekedwe ka moyo kwa mfundo zamoyo view, n'kofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha nkhaniyi.

Kuchuluka kwa gulu la chikhalidwe chenicheni cha chikhalidwe chawo

Akuyendera mafotokozedwe, tiona kuti mndandanda chilengedwe machitidwe kwachilengedwenso kulibe, ndipo ife akufuna ndi ambiri: Pali 8 kaperekedwe ka gulu.

• Kuchuluka kwa gulu la chikhalidwe amoyo: maselo ndi ma

Maselo. Ndi chachikale chinkawavuta mlingo, umene uli malire pakati pa moyo ndi chikhalidwe sakukhala. mayunitsi pulayimale pano ndi mankhwala mankhwala: . Zakudya zomanga thupi, chakudya, zidulo mkati lipids, etc. Ndi apa kuti kulanda mudziwe majini amapezeka biosynthesis ndi kutembenuka kwa mphamvu. Kabisidwe mudziwe - ntchito yaikulu mlingo wa maselo, amene nawonso, ali zigawo ziwiri: mamolekyulu mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga ndi maofesi a mankhwala.

Cell. Apa, zinthu protrude selo kucheza - organelles. Ndiyenso amabweretsa kugwira ntchito yobereka, ndi yogwirira lamulo zochita mankhwala, ndipo apa pakubwera mowa mphamvu. Amakhala chigawo limodzi - maselo a mankhwala. Pa mlingo, pali biosynthesis, selo magawano ndi dzuwa.

• Kuchuluka kwa gulu la chikhalidwe amoyo: minofu ndi Chiwalo

Nsalu. Iye ankayimiridwa ndi nsalu kuti kuphatikiza zosiyanasiyana maselo kukhala ndi dongosolo zofanana. Mu zamoyo multicellular, zimakhala ndi m'kati ontogenesis wa Chigawo selo m'magulu osiyana. Nyama ndi zomera ndi osiyana, chifukwa specialization maselo.

Limba. Izi mchitidwe dongosolo ndi matupi a zamoyo. Nthawi zina, munthu angaone lonse limba machitidwe (zamoyo patsogolo kwambiri), ndipo mu losavuta kayendedwe, kupuma, chimbudzi, neri Al., Likuvutika organelles payekha.

• Kuchuluka kwa gulu la chikhalidwe amoyo: chamoyo ndi anthu pokha

Organismic. Izi mlingo wa gulu la moyo khalidwe la unicellular ndi multicellular. Apa n'zotheka kupereka njira zosiyanasiyana, limasonyeza dongosolo osiyana (nyama, mbalame, bowa, tizilombo). Limasonyezanso kugwirizana thupi ndi chilengedwe, amene analinso m'gulu la mapangidwe mbali structural. The chigawo chachikulu ndi khungu.

Population-mitundu. Umene zimakhalira pachibale, imene imagwiritsidwa anthu, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mitundu. Ntchito yaikulu ya wosanjikiza ichi ndi kubadwa ndi imfa mitengo, kukula ndi osalimba. Pali anakhazikitsa kugwirizana kwambiri ndi mtundu malo.

• Kuchuluka kwa gulu la zinyama: biogeocenotic ndi Biosphere

Biogeocenotic. wosanjikiza umenewu amatchedwa "topezeka". Apa tikuona gulu la moyo mwa mawu a anthu: Kuphunzira lonse la mtundu womwewo (ofanana) zinthu. Topezeka mlingo angapo katundu: kapangidwe anthu, mitundu ya maubwenzi biotic, kuchuluka ndi mitundu zikuchokera izo. The Gawo awa: mbali ya chilengedwe ndi machitidwe chakudya.

Biosphere. Izi mawonekedwe apamwamba a bungwe zinthu zachilengedwe. Zinthu zazikulu ndi: zimadalirana ndi chilengedwe chawo, kutanthauza nthaka, m'mlengalenga ndi hydrosphere magawo lonse, etc ... Pali mogwirizana kwa amoyo ndi zopanda, komanso kufalitsa zinthu.