Mafupa Nkhope: ndi thunthu. mafupa nkhope ya Chibade cha

chigaza cha munthu mu uthunthu ogtogeneze amaloŵamo kusintha kwakukulu. Mu utero ndi wongobadwa chigaza mwana ndi zambiri anamaliza, chifukwa chakuti ubongo ndi zambiri yapangidwa ndi mwamantha pamafunika wina waukulu cranial mphamvu. The mawonekedwe a Chigaza imasiyana ngati mano kukula ndi kuliika kutafuna minofu.

Zosiyanasiyana mafupa nkhope

Chigaza ali zigawo nkhope ndi ubongo. Malirewo lagona pakati kumbuyo ndi malire yozungulira. mafupa Cranial ali pomwepo. Iwo limodzi ndi matabwa kuti amakulolani kukula kwa mafupa onse cranial. Pambuyo ossification kukula mabasi.

Chigawo kutsogolo Chibade cha wapangidwa za m'mphuno ndi m'kamwa cavities. Ndi unpaired monga:

• ethmoid fupa;
• kutsegula;
• hyoid fupa.

Wa aŵiriwo zapadera:

• chapamwamba nsagwada;
• m'mphuno fupa;
• incisive;
• lacrimal;
• malar;
• Ngati a Bakha;
• Palatine fupa;
• nsagwada m'munsi;
• turbinate.

Tiyeni tione mafupa onse a Chigaza nkhope.

maxilla

fupa Izi chipinda nthunzi. Amakhala ndi thupi ndi njira zinayi. thupi chikuphatikizapo nkusani maxillary, omwe amalankhula lonse mphanga ndi m'mphuno. thupi imakhala kutsogolo, infratemporal, ophthalmic ndi m'mphuno pamalo.

Front pamwamba ali ndi mawonekedwe concave. M'malire ake ndi dera infraorbital pansipa limene lili otsegula misempha infraorbital ndi ziwiya. Patsinde - una mu mawonekedwe a fossa canine. M'mphepete medial kumaoneka uta bwino kudula, imene kutsegula kutsogolo chimaonekadi m'mphuno. M'munsi m'mphepete zochita ndi kutitengera msana m'mphuno.

Kuyambira yozungulira pamwamba amalenga m'munsi yozungulira khoma ndi yosalala concave triangular mawonekedwe. M'dera la m'mphepete medial izo malire ndi fupa lacrimal, yozungulira mbale ndi fupa. Kumbuyo kwa malire limayenda limodzi yozungulira fissure m'munsi kumene akuyamba mzere infraorbital. Front adziwonetsa m'njira infraorbital.

Infratemporal padziko analenga ku pterygopalatine ndi infratemporal-palatal maenje. Front izo demarcated ndondomeko zygomatic. Bwino chionekera phiri la nsagwada, kumene anayambitsa mabowo alveolar, osatembenukira ku njira yake. njira izi ntchito zipangizo ndi misempha walangizidwa molars.

pamwamba mphuno aumbike mwa zimachititsa chilumbachi zovuta. Iwo pamodzi ndi fupa la kumwamba ndi apansi chipolopolo mphuno, kupita kumtunda kwa fupa palatal. Padziko kuoneka bwino maxillary razschelina mu mawonekedwe a makona a. Patsogolo ofotokozedwa bwino ndi poyambira umodzi, zomwe chikugwirizana ndi chipolopolo m'munsi ndi m'mphuno lacrimal fupa.

Komanso nkhope chigaza fupa akupitiriza mazunzo mafuta anakafika ku matupi chapamwamba nsagwada m'malo mgwirizano wa m'mphuno, ophthalmic ndi kutsogolo pamalo. Mbali imodzi ya ndondomeko abwera uta wa fupa mazunzo. Padziko lateral lagona lacrimal Crest kudutsa mu dera infraorbital, delimiting pa mzere misozi. Padziko medial ndi gululi Chisa lokwera kuti zikugwirizana ndi fupa zygomatic.

Zygomatic ndondomeko, kusiya nsagwada, komanso lokhazikika, zikugwirizana ndi fupa zygomatic.

Alveolar fupa - nkhungu mbale ndi mbali imodzi concave, ndi zina - otukukira kunja exiting ku pachibwano. m'mphepete ake m'munsi - izo alveolar Arc zamkati (lune dzino) 8 mano chapamwamba. Alveolar chipinda kuonetsetsa partitions kupezeka mezhalveolyarnyh. Kunja okwera allocated, makamaka bwino anasonyeza m'dera zapambuyo.

Scion thambo ndi mbale yopingasa. Iye anachokera padziko m'mphuno, kumene iwo ukupita ku fupa alveolar. pamwamba pake ndi yosalala ndi kutitengera khoma pansi pa m'mphuno. M'malire medial ali anakweza mphuno lokwera, amene amalenga ndondomeko palatal, kaphatikizidwe ndi lupanga coulter lapansi.

M'munsi padziko roughness ndi osiyana, ndi kuima kumbuyo kwa Palatine mzere. M'mphepete medial chikugwirizana ndi mafuta omwewo Komano, umene ndi m'kamwa molimbika. M'mphepete kutsogolo kwa kutseguka mwa njira chisel ndi kumbuyo - ali pamodzi ndi fupa palatal.

mafupa Palatine

mafupa nkhope yake, wophatikizidwa ndi unpaired. Palatine fupa amatanthauza awiri. Amakhala ndi mbale perpendicular ndi yopingasa.

The mbale yopingasa ali ngodya zinai. Pamodzi ndi Palatine outgrowths fupa ndi thambo. A yopingasa pansi mbale ali pamwamba akhakula. M'mphuno pamwamba, mosiyana, ndi yosalala. Therealong ndi mafuta inali m'mphuno maxillary Crest kudutsa mu mphuno fupa.

Perpendicular khoma mbale m'gulu la m'mphuno. Pa lateral padziko la poyambira ndi yaikulu kumwamba. Iye pamodzi ndi grooves wa nsagwada kumtunda ndi mafuta a fupa sphenoid, kupanga lalikulu kumwamba njira. Mapeto ndi dzenje. Padziko medial ya mbale, peyala ya crests yopingasa - wina gululi pamene winayo - ndi lakuya.

Kuyambira fupa Palatine dera nkhope a Chigaza achoke yozungulira, pyramidal ndi zokhudzana mphero woboola pakati. Woyamba akuthamanga laterally ndi patsogolo, ukusunthira yachiwiri pansi, pambuyo ndi laterally pa malo mbale kugwirizana ndi wachitatu akubwerera ndi medially polumikiza ku fupa sphenoid.

vomer

Kutsegula ndi unpaired mafupa nkhope ya Chibade cha. Izi mbale trapezoidal limene lili mu m'mphuno ndi kutitengera kugawaniza komwe. Verhnezadny m'mphepete chachikulu kuposa magawo ena. Ali ndi magawo awiri, ndi mu mzere anapanga akudutsa mulomo ndi Crest la fupa sphenoid. M'mphepete kumbuyo alekanitsa choanae, pansi - chikugwirizana ndi zitunda mphuno Palatine fupa ndipo kutsogolo - mu chidutswa chimodzi ndi m'mphuno septum, ndi zina ndi mbale wa fupa ethmoid.

fupa m'mphuno

Wophatikizidwa nkhope chigaza fupa amene timapemphera fupa m'mphuno, kupanga fupa kumbuyo. Izi mbale woonda ndi ngodya zinai, chapamwamba m'mphepete amene ali thicker chepera kuposa m'munsi. Iwo olumikizidwa kwa fupa mazunzo, ndi lateral - ndi ndondomeko mazunzo, ndipo m'munsi pamodzi ndi ndondomeko m'munsi mazunzo ndi malire a kabowo wa m'mphuno. Kutsogolo padziko fupa ali yosalala pamwamba, ndi kumbuyo - concave latisi poyambira.

lacrimal fupa

Anthu amenewa mafupa nkhope a Chigaza ali komanso wophatikizidwa. Iwo anapereka mbale m'malo osalimba mu mawonekedwe a quadrangle a. Ndi kuti, khoma kutsogolo wa mpita wa. Pamaso pa amalumikizidwa ndi ndondomeko mazunzo, pamwamba - ndi m'mphepete mwa fupa mazunzo, ndipo kumbuyo - ndi mbale wa fupa ethmoid, chiyambi cha lomwe lili medial pamwamba pake. Padziko lateral Chilwa lacrimal Crest misozi ndi mbedza pa mapeto. patsogolo ndi lacrimal poyambira.

cheekbone

awiri wina fupa, akulumikiza mafupa a oziziritsa ndi nkhope achigaza. Iwo ukufanizidwa ndi yozungulira, kanthawi ndi lateral pamalo, komanso njira mazunzo ndi wathupi.

Pamwamba lateral ndi osasamba quadrilateral mitundu yozungulira khoma la kanjira ndi infraorbital dera, kanthawi ndi - gawo infratemporal fossa.

Tikamazunzidwa mafuta chimafikira oposa ndi wathupi - pansi. Last wa zygomatic ndondomeko zygomatic mitundu Chipilala. Bone nsagwada chapamwamba yakwera m'dera serrated.

m'munsi nsagwada

Imeneyi ndi mafoni cranial fupa. Ndi unpaired ndipo imakhala ndi thupi yopingasa, ndi nthambi ziwiri choimirira.

thupi akufunitsitsa mu mawonekedwe horseshoe ndipo ndi onse mkati ndi kunja pamwamba. m'mphepete ake m'munsi ndi unakhuthala ndi adzakhale ndi kumtunda ndi kutitengera alveoli alveolar mano amene anapatukana ndi partitions.

Kutsogolo kwa chibwano ili protrusion Yolalikira ndi kutembenukira mu chibwano tubercle. Kumbuyo pali foramen maganizo, pambuyo umene umabwera mzere oblique.

Pakati pa gawo lamkati la nsagwada m'munsi adzamasulidwa chibwano msana, pa mbali ya zomwe pali oblong 2-m'mimba fossa. Pa nsonga chapamwamba, pafupi alveoli mano, ndiye fossa sublingual umene umachokera ofooka nsagwada-hyoid mzere. mzere A ili pansi pa fossa submandibular.

Nthambi nsagwada ndi nthunzi, iwo ali kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo m'mbali, akunja ndi pamwamba lamkati. Pa gawo lakunja la kutafuna wapezeka, ndipo mkati - pterygoid tuberosity.

Nthambi umatha ndi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo zokhudzana kuti kuwonjezera m'mwamba. Pakati pawo pali zodula nsagwada m'munsi. Zapambuyo ndondomeko - coronal, ananena pamwamba. Buccal Chisa chimatsogoleredwa ndi maziko ake kuti dzino kwakukulu. A kumbuyo mafuta condylar Wamaliza mutu, pakhosi chimene chimafika m'munsi nsagwada.

hyoid fupa

Mafupa a dera nkhope ya Chibade mapeto hyoid fupa, limene lili mu khosi pakati pa m'phuno ndi nsagwada m'munsi. Pamafunikanso thupi ndi zokhudzana awiri mu mawonekedwe a nyanga zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. fupa yokhota kumapeto thupi, kutsogolo mbali - ndi otukukira kunja ndi kumbuyo - concave. mbali kupatuka nyanga zazikulu ndi kupita m'tsogolo, laterally ndi m'mbuyo - yaing'ono. Fupa hyoid lili pa mafupa chigaza ndi minofu ndi Mitsemphayi. Kumakhudzana ndi m'phuno ndi.

Pomaliza

Tikamaphunzira mafupa nkhope a Chigaza, ndi thunthu imatiuza loyamba mtunda onse kovuta pa kali akunja ndi mumtima, umene anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti pali ubongo, ganglia ndi ziwalo imalandira.

Mafupa ndi n'kupuma (kupatula nsagwada m'munsi). Iwo wotetezedwa mwa zosiyanasiyana matabwa mu chigaza ndi nkhope, komanso kudzera chichereŵechereŵe pa mafupa a m'munsi cranial.