Malonda ndi chiyani? Oimira mercantilism. Mercantilism mu zachuma

Anthu ambiri adamva mawu "aganyu" osati aliyense amadziwa chomwe chimatanthauza ndi kumene chinachitika. Koma mawu yogwirizana mmodzi wa wotchuka machitidwe ziphunzitso choyamba anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XV. Chotero kodi mercantilism ndi tanthauzo lanji zinalili ndi mbiri ya anthu?

Mbiri ya yatsoka

ndi "mercantilism" m'lingaliro waukulu mawu chiyani? Liwu likubwera kuchokera mawu Latin Mercanti, limene kwenikweni anamasuliridwa kuti "malonda". Mercantilism linanena kuti mabuku osiyanasiyana kusiyana pang'ono, ndi chiphunzitso zachuma, amene amanena phindu la ubweya bwino malipiro a boma akuchuluka mu makope ndalama misa ndi zolimbikitsa chuma. Komanso amazindikira kufunika protectionism monga njira zolinga izi. Lingaliro la "mercantilism" anali chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi olemba a Mfundo zosiyanasiyana za sayansi substantiates kufunika alowererepo boma ntchito ndalama. Mawu amenewa anali woyamba bungwe wotchuka Scottish nzeru zapamwamba ndi zachuma Adam Smith. Iye amagwira ntchito mwakhama anadzudzula anzake, akuitana States kutenga nawo mbali mu ntchito zachuma kudzera mwa protectionism, amene anasonyeza subsidizing sewerolo dziko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito yapamwamba inatha. Adam Smith ankakhulupirira kuti mercantilists, amene ali chuma, madokotala, malonda komanso kuteteza zofuna za dziko okhawo wa East India Company ndi ena makampani ena English-katundu. Akatswiri ambiri wachibadidwe mukutsutsana nazo izi maganizo a Adam Smith. Iwo amanena kuti chitukuko cha malamulo British mercantilist zochokera maganizo a osiyanasiyana anthu, industrialists osati ndi amalonda.

Goals ndi mfundo za mercantilism

Mosiyana ndi Adamu Smith, Kuikiradi izi chiphunzitso ankanena kuti cholinga cha lamuloli si kukwaniritsa zolinga za industrialists British ndi amalonda, komanso kuchepetsa ulova, kuchuluka kwa zopereka bajeti ya dziko, polimbana speculators, kulimbitsa chitetezo cha dziko. Kumvetsa zimene mercantilism, muyenera bwinobwino mfundo zake. mfundo zake zikuluzikulu:

• mkulu ntchito zokolola zitha kukhala m'mafakitale amene kutulutsa katundu katundu;
• Chuma likhoza kufotokoza akamanena za zitsulo zamtengo wapatali;
• wolowa alimbikitseni ndi boma;
• boma liwonetsetse ndi okhawo a industrialists zoweta ndi amalonda ndi thandizo kuteteza mpikisano;
• kuchuluka kwa anthu chofunika kupulumutsa malipiro otsika mtengo mkulu adzabweranso.

ntchito mercantilist

Malinga ndi mbali ya chiphunzitso chimenechi chuma, iyo iyenera ntchito zotsatirazi:

• kukonza ndi kugwiritsa malangizo boma, kuyambira chilengedwere bwino yabwino ya malonda popanda boma sangathe;
• kuchita lamulo protectionism, ndi atakhala miyambo mkulu misonkho (tariffs) pa katundu amene ankaitanitsa ochokera m'mayiko; kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha mafakitale amene mankhwala ukunenedwa malonda yachilendo; kukhazikitsa mphoto chingatilimbikitse kuti mankhwala zimagulitsidwa kunja.

Udindo wa mercantilism mu zachuma

Chiphunzitso cha mercantilism - ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso oyambirira a zachuma, yodziwika ndi kukhulupirika kwake. chikuoneka ndi chiyanjo zinachitika mu nthawi ya bizinesi oyambirira. Mercantilists ndimakhulupirira kuti udindo waukulu mu chuma aliyense, choncho komanso chilengedwe cha phindu, nthawi zonse masewero dera la kufalitsidwa. Malinga ndi iwo, chuma mtundu lagona kumafuna ndalama. Ofufuza za mercantilism ankaona kuti pamapeto pake ndondomeko amenewa kumabweretsa okha a chuma, monga ndalama zambiri nthawi zonse zikubweretsa wokwera. Development n'chotheka mpaka nthawi monga yogwira zenera malonda si kutha, koma chifukwa cha malamulo alionse pa malonda a zinthu kokha ukonde zomvetsa. mercantilism agawidwa magawo oyambirira ndi mochedwa.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso zachuma

Mercantilism mu chuma, ngati chiphunzitso ina iliyonse, nthawi zonse ikusintha. Panthawi zosiyanasiyana mfundo zake zayambika malingana ndi kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ndi zamalonda. . The otchedwa "mercantilism oyambirira," kutanthauza zaka XV-XVI, anali ndi zovuta kwambiri (zaka yoyenera) malo yakuti:

• chifukwa katundu wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali (siliva, golide) ku dziko anadalira chilango cha imfa;
• imports katundu zinali zochepa comprehensively;
• katundu yachilendo anakhazikitsako wokwera kwambiri;
• zoletsa kutayikira ndalama kundipatsako kwa dziko yoletsedwa katundu wake kunja;
• chimaposa kugulitsa alendo anali timathera kugula katundu wamba;
• Chiphunzitso cha bwino ndalama ankaona yaikulu, chifukwa inachokera pa malamulo onse umalimbana kuwonjezeka chuma kudzera malamulo.

Kumayambiriro mercantilism Marx amafotokozedwa kuti "dongosolo ndalama." Oimira mercantilism mu nthawi izi: England W. Salima Italy De Santis, G. Scaruffi.

mochedwa mercantilism

Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVI. mpaka cha m'ma XVII. Chiphunzitsochi kusanduka pang'ono. malonda kwambiri chuma anachokera mfundo alipo kwa nthawi mafakitale. Iye anafuna kuchepetsa zimene anthu a anthu ndi inelasticity wa akumufuna. chuma pathupi ngati masewera ziro ndalama. M'mawu ena, imfa ya munthu anali ofanana ndi phindu la chipani china. mercantilism mu nthawi iyi ndi chiyani? kamba Aika:

• Ndi lingaliro lalikulu la ubweya malonda;
• atengedwa zoletsa kuyeza pa katundu ndi matanthauzo a katundu ndi ndalama;
• ndondomeko chuma cha boma amakhala ndi Mlengi protectionism zoweta;
• Akufotokozera mfundo kupeza katundu wotchipa m'dziko lina ndi kugulitsa iwo kwa wokwera kuposa mu mzake;
• kuteteza anthu ku kudzitsitsa chifukwa cha malonda kwaulere.

Akuluakulu oimira mercantilism: a ku England T. Mann (ena magwero - Maine), Italy ndi ku France A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Chiphunzitso cha malonda zotsala

Malinga mercantilists kenako, malonda zotsala inaperekedwa ndi katundu wa katundu kwa dziko. Mfundo zikuluzikulu za malonda: kugula mtengo ndi kugulitsa mokondera. Ndalama ntchito ziwiri: Kuthana ndi kusunga njira, kuti ali, mochedwa mercantilism anayamba kuchitira ndalama likulu, pozindikira kuti ndalama ndi chinthu chofunika.

mfundo:

• kasamalidwe malonda akunja kuti cholinga cha kuchuluka kwa siliva ndi golide;
• Makampani thandizo yoti zipangizo zambiri wotchipa yaiwisi;
• kukhazikitsidwa kwa tariffs zoteteza katundu;
• Kukwezeleza katundu;
• kuchuluka kwa anthu kuti asunge mlingo wochepa malipiro.

Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti mercantilism mochedwa ankachita zinthu chifukwa nthawi yake. Iye anathandiza mu shipbuilding, mafakitale malonda, gulu lonse za ntchito.

chitukuko cha mercantilism

Mercantilism kumapeto a XVII ndi chiyambi cha chuma XIX atumwi. pafupifupi onse a m'mayiko ambiri anayamba a ku Ulaya (England, Austria, Sweden, France, Prussia) amatengedwa ngati ziphunzitso za chuma. Mu England iwo wakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 2 zaka (kufikira m'ma XIX atumwi.). Mercantilism, linanena kuti nthawi imeneyi anakwana mfundo zosiyanasiyana za chiphunzitso zachuma - protectionism, ndipo unakhala wotchuka mu Russia. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti wagwiritsa ntchito mfundo Koma Petro I. Mu ulamuliro wa Elizabeth mercantilism mu Russia ndi ayamba wotchuka, choncho ntchito mfundo imeneyi chuma ambiri zonse wandale Nicholas Ine. Nthawi imeneyi, malamulo protectionist anali umalimbana patsogolo malonda muyezo dziko, amene anathandiza kuti chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi kukula mofulumira anthu. Nthawi imeneyi, ndi bwino pakati imports ndi zogulitsa kunja chinakhazikitsidwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mitengo m'mayiko - gulu ndondomeko malonda.

mercantilists Russian

Mu Russia, mawu wowala wa maganizo a mercantilism anali AL-Ordyn Nashchekin (1605-1680 gg.). States ili lofalitsidwa mu 1667, "New malonda hayala", umene lodzala ndi mfundo ndi maganizo a chiphunzitso chimenechi. AL-Ordyn Nashchekin nthawi zonse anafuna kuti abweretse dziko lawo monga zitsulo ndi amtengo wapatali ngati nkotheka. Iye anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa zothandizira mipingo yawo wake wa amalonda ndi malonda zoweta.

A chopereka kwambiri ndi mfundo za chuma wapanga Russian wasayansi ndi maonekedwe onse V. N. Tatischev (1680-1750 gg.), Amene anali ndi katundu wa kunja kwa golide ndi siliva bullion. Imports wa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali anapereka mfulu kwathunthu kwa misonkho (ntchito), komanso malangizo a zipangizo zofunika chitukuko cha mafakitale zoweta. Iye akufuna kuyambitsa ntchito yapamwamba katundu ndi chuma akanatha kusindikiza pa mabizinezi Russian.

Apadera zachuma nthawi ankaona kuti ntchito yake mercantilists ndi I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 gg.). Mu 1724 iye analemba "Buku la wosaperewera ndi chuma", limene anasonyeza kwambiri maganizo pachiyambi (mwachitsanzo, wa gulu la chuma chenicheni ndipo sanali kwenikweni). Kaya chuma European I. T. Pososhkov kuwomba pulogalamu chuma chitukuko cha Russia, kutenga nkhani limatchula wa zenizeni dziko.

English mercantilism

lamuloli zachuma anali zikuchitika m'mayiko pafupifupi onse European, koma pa nthawi yomweyo - malingana ndi zinthu zakale m'dziko - iye anapereka zotsatira zosiyana. The kupambana yaikulu ya chiphunzitso mercantilism chikwaniritsidwa mu England. Chifukwa zachikhalidwe ndi malangizo ake kuti boma anakhala waukulu atsamunda ufumu mu dziko. Lingaliro la mercantilism UK kwathunthu kusonyeza zofuna za kuphangira wake waukulu malonda.

mercantilism sukulu

Malonda pakati pake penipeni ndi sukulu loyamba la chuma bourgeois ndale, amene anapereka zifukwa theoretically ndondomeko kulimbikitsa ndi amalonda. Iwo amakhala ndi phukusi yogwira boma njira zonse zachuma. Sukulu mercantilism anaphunzitsa kuti kudzera mu yogwira boma protectionism achuluke kupanga katundu katundu. Pankhaniyi, mfundo za boma ayenera umalimbana ndi kuthandiza kukula kwa likulu malonda ndi kulimbikitsa chilengedwe cha makampani okhawo chinkhoswe mu kugulitsa malonda awo. State ayenera yesetsani kukhala navigation ndi zombo, analanda zambiri ankawalamulira. Kuti zimenezi zitheke anali kuukitsa misonkho nzika.

Ntchito ya dera la kufalitsidwa

Gululi mercantilism tcheru pazipita ndi dera la kufalitsidwa. Komabe, iwo nkomwe akhala akuphunzira malamulo m'banja la nascent kupanga capitalist. The lonse chuma ndale mercantilists ankaona ngati sayansi kuti amaphunzira muyezo dziko ya malonda. Limalimbikitsa oyambirira chiphunzitso ichi ukugwira chuma ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali (golide, Siliva), ndipo kenako - ndi mankhwala owonjezera otsalira pambuyo wosangalala zosowa za boma, sipangakhalenso anazindikira pa msika ena ndi inasanduka ndalama. Mu zikhalidwe za kusowa ndalama oyambirira mercantilists ntchito yake yafupika kudzikundikira ndalama. M'kupita kwa nthawi, ndalama anayamba kuona, ndipo sing'anga kuwombola. Kenako mercantilists anayamba kuchitira ndalama likulu.

Ndalama - katundu

Kenako mercantilists anakhulupirira ndalama chofunika, koma Marx ndi sakanakhoza kuchilingalira chifukwa ndi mmene anthufe n'kukhala ndalama. Wankhani nkhani yolembedwa chake chachikulu "ndalama - ndi chuma" mercantilists anakhala makolo a otchedwa "nominalist" ndipo kenako "kachulukidwe" chiphunzitso ndalama. Ananena kuti yekha zipatso ntchito, amene mankhwala katundu anabweretsa ndalama za boma kwambiri kuposa wakhala ndalama zawo. Mu njira ya chitukuko mofulumira bizinesi, mercantilism zinthu sizikanatha kukumana ndi mavuto atsopano a zachuma. Iye m'malo mwa bourgeois chuma ndale, omwe theoretically m'Malemba ufulu ntchito zachuma. Mercantilism yatha yake pa nthawi imene m'mayiko olemera, likulu malonda anagwetsa mafakitale. Izo zinayambira ndipo unafalikira mu kusintha kwa mafakitale a zachuma chakale ndale.