Mgulu mtsogoleri: tanthauzo mikhalidwe. Amene angatchedwe mtsogoleri wina wachikoka? Lingaliro la "mtsogoleri wamphamvu" amene anayambitsa kuti Chaanthu? A mtsogoleri wamphamvu ndi ...

A mtsogoleri wamphamvu - munthu amene amakonda kutchuka ena pamaso pa ena. ulamuliro wake imayendetsedwa ndi misa osati mwamantha, ndipo yagona pa chikhulupiriro munthu ndi chikhulupiriro "anthu osankhidwa omwe."

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa tanthauzo "wachikoka mtsogoleri" (tanthauzo, chodabwitsa monga tikuonera, ndi zina zambiri), adzakhululukidwa m'nkhani ino.

Lingaliro la wachikoka

Kuyambira pachiyambi cha moyo wa munthu pa anthu ndi atsogoleri amene simungakhoze basi akulozera njira koma kutsogolera. Ngakhale m'nthawi ya mavuto aakulu a otsatira awo konse kwa mphindi m'pang'ono pomwe, ndipo udzabweretsa anakhulupirira mtsogoleri wawo, mfumu kapena mfumu.

zodabwitsazi amatchedwa "wachikoka" ndipo munthu ndi mikhalidwe anadziwika monga mtsogoleri wina wachikoka. Mawuwa amatanthauza "mphatso ya Mulungu", ndipo ndithudi, zodabwitsazi imatengedwa ndi ofufuza ambiri auzimu, kapena luso zoposa. Poyamba, mawu amangonena za olamulira kapena atsogoleri a asilikali, koma kuyambira pakati pa zaka zana otsiriza, anayamba kuitana pafupifupi aliyense, chionekera bwino misa, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi makhalidwe abwino ndi moyo wabwino, wokongola kapena kudzikuza. Izo zikutanthauza mtsogoleri wamphamvu, ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Lingaliro la "mtsogoleri wamphamvu" mu Sociology

Lingaliro la "mtsogoleri wamphamvu" unayamba mu German pulofesa Chaanthu za zamulungu ndi chikhalidwe cha Ernst Troeltsch. Kenako akuti anayamba kupanga ndi German Katswiri Maksom Veberom, amene anakonza tanthauzo chakale, ndipo linapereka kuphunzira mabuku a chodabwitsa ichi. Akatswiri ena amakono akamufunsirire kupereka tanthauzo limeneli zambiri kuchepera lingaliro kuti amachotsedwa chiwerengero cha amenewa umunthu m'gulu osiyana ngati Mneneri Mose ndi Hitler, Gandhi ndi Genghis Khan.

Kuchokera kaonedwe ka mfundo Weber wa wachikoka chodabwitsa sangakhale zabwino kapena zoipa, zabwino kapena zoipa. Izi koma sizikutanthauza kuti khalidwe ndi ntchito ngati mtsogoleri sungathe imawunikidwa pa muyezo wa konsekonse. Motero, asayansi ambiri, kuchotsa njakata, ntchito tanthauzo zosiyanasiyana zimathandiza kuti musankhe bwino mfundo "mtsogoleri wamphamvu". Koyamba Chaanthu woyengedwa liwu Dzhordzh nkhokwe, amene amakhulupirira kuti nthawi zambiri, mwachibale kwa umunthu kwambiri yoyenera kwambiri kutsatira mfundo "mtsogoleri amunamuna."

atsogoleri mgulu mu mbiri ya anthu

History analemba zitsanzo zambiri za anthu amene angatchedwe mtsogoleri wamphamvu kwa ife. Choyamba, ndi akazembe wotchuka ndi olamulira: dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky, Genghis Khan, Napoleon. Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, kanjedza ngati zambiri amadziwika lero pa udindo wa ayerekeze pafupifupi mutu wa kampani bwino kapena gulu chikhalidwe. Kuphunzira zodabwitsazi limodzi ndi mavuto ena. Ndithudi, izi ndi chifukwa sayansi ayenera kukhala "abwino" tanthauzo la maganizo Komabe, idealize ndipo ngakhale bungwe si zotheka kuti mwachindunji umunthu. A mtsogoleri wamphamvu ndi moti chithunzi zimenezo tipeze yankho zobweretsa funso ngati amenewa mtsogoleri makamaka zovuta kukhulupirira. Komanso, ngati munthu nthawi zonse amapezeka mu nthawi yamavuto, ndipo pa inasintha zochitika, ndipo simungathe nthawi umvetse kwenikweni - kapena kutilepheretsa chikuoneka limanenedwa kwa iwo.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

Ndani mtsogoleri wamphamvu mu mbiri Soviet? Chitsanzo chabwino cha ngati mtsogoleri angatchedwe V. I. Lenina, mtsogoleri wa Bolshevik Party, muweruzi ndi mtsogoleri wa ulimi zokomera mu Russia. Ndithudi, malinga ndi anzake ndipo ziwalo chipani, Lenin pakati pa anthu andale anaimirira kunja kwa kukhala yekha amene anakhulupirira ndipo anamutsatira iye popanda zosungitsa iliyonse. Komanso, Lenin - mtsogoleri wina wachikoka, makamaka akanatha kufotokoza zokhudza chuma ndi maganizo ambiri osaphunzira misa. Iwo anamvetsera kwa iye spellbound, mpweya, ndi tiyenera kukumbukira kuti chimenechi chinali chiyambi cha zaka mazana makumi awiri, ndipo palibe lalikulu zipangizo luso, kuwonjezera mawu ake wolankhulayo osiyanasiyana.

Iosif Vissarionovich Stalin

Iosif Stalin - mtsogoleri wina wachikoka, atate wa anthu, mlengi wa zinthu zodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo pafupifupi wosangalatsa boma la onse ndi kale lonse. Kafukufuku umunthu Stalin ndi nthawi osokoneza, ndipo nthawi zambiri maganizo okondera. Mosakayikira, bwanamkubwa anali luso lapadera kuwononga adani awo, amene nthawi zambiri anali adani a boma. Ambiri wachikoka wake ndi deification pakati pa mafani kumene, si zimapanga chinthu utsogoleri (ngakhale iye anali nawo mu utumiki) - ndi maganizo mantha, imene iye mosadziwika angadye kuuzira ngakhale lero.

Akatswiri ambiri amaganiza Stalin koyera mtsogoleri wamphamvu, ngakhale kuti anazindikira kuti mafani wake ndi otsatira ake anali okonzeka mtsogoleri wawo kudzimana m'njira loona mawu. asilikali Simple anakwera pamwamba ndi dzina lake, lomwe palokha - m'malo osowa chodabwitsa. Kawirikawiri milandu, otsatira kukhuta lingaliro (mwachitsanzo, ufulu) kapena mfundo yeniyeni Mama, dziko lawo.

Sharl De Goll

Chitsanzo cha mtsogoleri masoka angathe kutumikira Sharl De Goll, amene ntchito akadali ali ndi chikoka kwambiri pa moyo European ndale. pulezidenti yekha mobwerezabwereza akatulukire kwa mfundo wachikoka ndi anali wothandiza wa lingaliro lakuti amphamvu umunthu ali pa kalekale zimakhudza kwambiri kuposa mwawamba. Komanso, pulezidenti, amene, pambuyo ya nkhondo ziwiri mwankhanza koposa dziko anatsogolera France kwa kulemera ndi kwa udindo wa mmodzi wa kutsogolera mphamvu dziko, ankakhulupirira kuti chikondi cha anthu amapereka mwa ena "zotsatira za chozizwitsa," kupambana anapitiriza mu zinthu zonse, Ine umboni kuti uyu ndi munthu ndi " yovomerezeka mwana wa kumwamba. " Mwamsanga pamene mphatso Mwamsanga Umasiya kuti imayendetsedwa ndi choncho - kusiyiratu ndi chikhulupiriro cha otsatira.

Komanso, mtsogoleri wamphamvu de Gaulle m'buku lake "The lupanga" mobwerezabwereza anatsindika kuti ngakhale nomination mtsogoleri wadziko mu nthawi yamavuto sizikuchitika zochokera kusankha pakati ziwerengero zilipo ndale. Popular mtsogoleri chimaoneka ngati pa lamulo la "yoweyula wamphamvu," ndipo Gen. kwathunthu anakana fatalism mbiri kumuyitana mfundo amantha.

Adolf Hitler

Palibe kukaika kuti Adolf Hitler imatengedwa ngati chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri pa umunthu wachikoka zaka mazana makumi awiri. Germany kwa zaka zambiri, monga Phoenix ndi - amene ankafukiza pa nkhani za nkhondo wosatha pakati pa Ulaya, kumene anagalukira, nthawi zambiri wamphamvu kuposa kale. Mtsogoleri anatha kuchitira anthu ake lingaliro moona lachinsinsi. Hitler - mtsogoleri wina wachikoka amene anali wokhoza kuti zimenezi zikathandiza ambiri otsatira osati kokha, komanso nzika wamba kuti, Aryans - mpikisano kuposa mutu wa ena onse. Mfundo imeneyi wakhala anatha kugwirizanitsa anthu German kotero kuti pamene ankaimira kuopseza anthu kwenikweni lonse m'mapulaneti.

Tsopano Hitler anaganiza zinkaimira gulu ena a mphamvu mdima, lomwe ndi njira wosangalatsa mwamtheradi anakwanitsa kubweretsa mfundo zawo kwa khwimbi la anthu ndi kumawakakamiza iwo misala misa pafupifupi anamupepetula. Komabe, siziri choncho. m'nthawi ambiri zimaonetsa ndi German Mtsogoleri wa momwe "osati munthu wamba." Muyeneranso kudziwa kuti inatheka osati pakati kalasi misa, kapena osauka - komanso ophunzira ndi olemera Boma la anthu, osati Germany. Kodi iwo misala chifukwa? Ambiri mwina - palibe. Kumene, kulenga mphamvu yake Hitler ntchito iliyonse angaganizire ndipo sangaganize mwayi. Mwachitsanzo, iye pabwino chabe wolimba msilikali wa First World nkhondo, ndipo mobwerezabwereza anasonyeza zimenezi kuchita. Anaphunzitsidwa orate ndi zisudzo bwino nthawi yake. Zonse anafunafuna rapprochement ndi anthu awo, kufuna kudziwa maganizo ndi malingaliro a osati anthu, koma kwenikweni aliyense. Zolumukizidwa ndi chikhulupiriro an'kanthunthumira bwino Hitler lomwe, kuti anapatsa mmene mafani zambiri za Mfumu ndakayikapo mwa iye yekha kapena maganizo ake kapena zolinga.

Zinthu za chodabwitsa ndi

Kuphunzira chodabwitsa zikamera wa mtundu wa umunthu - pali funso limene kwenikweni waima pa kutsogolo kuphunzira zochita za munthu pa njira zakale. Komabe, ngakhale kuchuluka yaikulu kufufuza kwa asayansi okha ndi wamphamvu kwambiri mtsogoleri wa chodabwitsa anali "chopunthwitsa." Asayansi asayansi ndale ndi akatswiri kuzindikira kuti si bwinobwino, limagwirira wa pakuwonekera kwake. Palibe chikaiko kumathandiza, ndi obadwa nawo ndipo anaphunziranso maluso anthu, koma kumvetsa zimene ndendende makhalidwe nakayimika kwenikweni analenga mphamvu zofunika, izo Sutha. Komanso kafukufuku wa sayansi kawirikawiri imatsogoleredwa si kuphunzira kwa umunthu, ndipo ndi zambiri skewed kwa kuganizira ena, zabwino kapena zoipa zochita ndi mavuto a mapangidwe atsogoleri otero. Ambiri, pali zinthu zitatu zimene zimapangitsa mtsogoleri wina wachikoka akuwonekera.

1. Crisis. Zimakhala ndale, chuma ndi chikhalidwe mavuto zolephera asilikali ndi zina zotero, m'njira zonse ndi tangles. Isanayambike kuchepa kwa bomalo - mayeso aakulu kwa anthu a. Anthu akhoza kutani m'njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kukula kwa mantha chiwonongeko thupi la anthu, iwo akuopeni imfa ya gulu lawo kapena kalasi kapena kuti kumva chisoni chifukwa cha imfa ya kungoganiza mfundo zofanana moyo ndi miyambo. Mwachibadwa, ngati zinthu zili choncho, anthu amayamba kukhulupirira ndi Atsateni omwe amadziwa zoyenera kuchita - kwa mtsogoleri, amene kale mbali zambiri, osati kutsimikizira wachikoka ake ndi anthu osankhidwa ndi Mulungu.

2. The chachiwiri lalikulu kutithandiza kuona maonekedwe a mtsogoleri wina wachikoka, ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe legitimation, pamene gawo lalikulu la anthu kuzindikira zoti yatsoka ndi zambiri mtsogoleri mwamwayi.

3. Mfundo yachitatu - thandizo ndale osati pakati pa anthu wamba a anthu, komanso pakati pa magulu, atsogoleri awo ndi owayimilira za matupi boma boma.

Tsopano mphamvu zambiri kuti chinthu chachinayi, ngati kale tcheru ndiye wamng'ono. Izi - kuthandizidwa ndi mtsogoleri wamphamvu pa TV. Mukhoza kulankhula za zimene mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha zonse atsogoleri andale a m'zaka 100 zapitazi pazochitika TV, ndi lero zenizeni mphamvu thandizo kapena kuti munthu m'munda mudziwe - ndiyofunikila.

Makhalidwe a mtsogoleri wina wachikoka

Mtsogoleri wa mtundu uwu amafunika ya makhalidwe. Lotchuka kwambiri ndi:

1. Kuzindikira ndi kufalitsa udindo wake wosiyana ndi ntchito, umalimbana kusintha kwakukulu mu dzina la kusintha kapena kupulumutsidwa anthu. Zimenezi zimafuna kudziwiratu kwa zinthu, ndipo, nthawi zambiri, dongosolo kapena pulogalamu ya kusintha.
2. Personal apilo amene kwenikweni tichipeza mu ali ndi maonekedwe wokongola. Nthawi zambiri, pa mwake, wachikoka mtsogoleri - munthu misa, monga munthu mu msewu, nthawi yomweyo mungakhale ndi chilema ena. Komabe, ena kuti mtsogoleri amenewa ndi nkhanza zina - n'zosatheka kukhala wopambana opanda khalidwe limeneli. Atsogoleri ameneŵa, akazi monga Zhanna Mdima kapena Margaret Thatcher, mu maso ndi chokumbukira m'nthawi anali wolimba mtima kwambiri kuposa a anthu a nthawi yathu.
3. Nsembe ndi kulimbana pa mtsogoleri wamphamvu kwambiri zambiri kumabwera koyamba. Kukwanitsa wodzipereka ndi chigonjetso mu akumenya mosalekeza ndi mmene zinthu zilili komanso otsutsa - chinthu chofunika kwa mafani kwa otsatira.
4. Umunthu zolinga. Ofufuza ambiri, mtsogoleri ambiri anazindikira ndi amene angathe kuuzira cholinga chake kwathunthu kwambiri lifanane ndi zosowa za anthu a.
5. Kukhalapo kwa mdani wamphamvu. Ngakhale kuti mtsogoleri wakhala kulimbikitsa kwa ukwati, ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri mu ntchito zake amatenga kufufuza, kudziwika ndi polimbana ndi adani. Nthawi zina - woopsa kwambiri, ndipo nthawizina musati ngakhale kulibe kwenikweni, kapena mdani zingapangitse maganizo ngakhale chabe.
6. Kwambiri udindo ankaimba ndi mbali yogwira. Nthawi zambiri, mtsogoleri sakhala ngakhale kudalira bungwe kapena anayambitsa aliyense kasamalidwe. Nthawi zina amafuna kuti mbali yake zinthu mwa manja awo, nthawi zambiri wolungama, ndi otsatira kungakhale kwakukulu koposa mtsogoleri wawo.

Atsogoleri wachikoka nthawi yathu

Modern wachikoka atsogoleri ambiri a milandu, usadalire thandizo la anthu - ayamba kukhala chinthu chachikulu Kukwezeleza Pawokha kupyola mmunda mudziwe, kuti, kudzera mwa atolankhani. Pakuti njira amangosankha wokongola kungakhale imvi unremarkable munthu, nthawi zina amatha kuchita paokha.

Chitsanzo cha masiku ano "TV" mu mtsogoleri Russian kungachititse Vladimir Zhirinovsky. Iye sangakhoze kukhudza aliyense chisankho limodzi ndale ali mwachinyengo, aliuma mafani luso kupita naye ku imfa. Koma Zhirinovsky, chifukwa makhalidwe abwino kwambiri akuchitira, ali mtsogoleri mphamvu zina.

Chachiwiri undoubted wachikoka mtsogoleri - ndi pulezidenti panopa Russia Vladimir Putin. Ngakhale kuli mavuto pa moyo chuma ndi ndale za boma, zake makamaka imayendetsedwa ndi misa. Putin zoona, alibe lonse wa khalidwe khalidwe la mtundu uwu. Mwachitsanzo, alibe makhalidwe oratory. Ngakhale sitili a mbali khalidwe la mtsogoleri dziko, munthu uyu apitiriza kukhala otchuka pakati anthu.

Pakati pa amoyo, chitsanzo chidwi kwambiri pa "choyera" mtsogoleri wamphamvu ndi Fidel Castro. Kunachitika odzipereka, waluntha wokamba, ndi bwino mdindo pamodzi ndi zonse Havana ndudu pakamwa pake, anamupatsa ulamuliro ndigwira sizisintha, chifukwa makhalidwe abwino. Sanangowamvera anapambana ulemu ndi molemekeza anthu ake, waika ufulu wodzilamulira lathunthu la Cuba. dzina lake amadziwika kulikonse lonse, nkhani ya moyo wake atazunguliridwa ndi kampira ulemu, kwa zaka zambiri n'chanzeru kulamulira dziko lawo. Zambiri, ulamuliro wake monga mwankhanza, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti izi mawonekedwe Amasamala ndi achilendo wachikoka, nthawi zambiri sakuzindikira aliyense kupikisana kufanana.

Fidel Castro - kulinganiza wa zipolowe zambiri kusintha, iye akukhudzidwa ndi ndewu anapulumuka zoyesayesa kuphedwa 638. Wachitatu mu mbiri ya anthu pa bolodi kutalika, kawiri analowa Guinness Book of Records, Fidel Castro, "kuopsa" kudzatsiriza moyo wake si lofanana kwambiri za "mtsogoleri amunamuna" - pamtanda kapena moto, ndi poizoni kapena wachisoni payekha - koma bedi lake lomwe, atazungulira yaitali banja, nambala yaikulu mafani ndi otsatira.