Mitundu, mitundu ndi zitsanzo kasewenzetsedwe ka mau

Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ali mu maganizo kwambiri chinenero Russian. Mtundu uwu wa uthenga nkhani za zochita kulankhula. AN Tolstoy ankanena kuti kusankha mneni bwino - kotero kupereka amapita.

Osati kanthu monga "Mawu akuti" makolo athu izo, mfundo, ndi mau omwewo kutanthauziridwa mu dikishonare Dal. Zitsanzo za kasewenzetsedwe ka mau, ntchito, kupenda kusintha m'nkhani ino.

Mneni monga mbali ya kulankhula

Part wa kulankhula zikusonyeza kanthu ndipo amayankha funso "zoyenera kuchita?" "Kodi ndichite chiyani?" - ichi ndi mneni. Zokhudza mbali zosiyana za kulankhula, izo anatsimikiza mtima okwana kalembedwe tanthauzo. Mneni kanthu. Komabe, mbali imeneyi ya kulankhula ndi osiyana mithunzi ya tanthauzo.

1. Ntchito yonse thupi: odulidwa, kuthyolako, pagulu.
2. Aluntha pakamwa chabe kapena polemberana ntchito: penyani, nkhani, ndikuganiza.
3. Kupita chinthu danga: kuwuluka, kuthamanga, kukhala.
4. Chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyi: kudana, kuvulaza, kugona.
5. Boma la chilengedwe: ozizira, wa yozizira koopsa, Mgonero.

mbali Morphological ndi syntactic

Koma zilembo morphological - onse zotheka mitundu ya mneni. Zitsanzo yosanthula mwatsatanetsatane ina, koma tsopano, lembani iwo. Maganizo, munthu, nthawi, chiwerengero, reflexivity, mtundu, mitundu, ndi conjugation.

Koma udindo syntactic kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati verebu mkhalidwe, iye ali ndi mutu njira predicative maziko kalembedwe. Mneni chiweruzo angathe. nchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi nauni kapena adverb.

infinitive

Aliyense mneni ali mawonekedwe koyamba, amatchedwa infinitive. Mafunso anafunsidwa zotsatirazi: "Kodi ndichite chiyani?", "Kodi ndichite chiyani?". Zitsanzo za kasewenzetsedwe ka mau yosokoneza: kuphunzitsa, jambulani (zoyenera kuchita?), Dziwani jambulani (zoyenera kuchita?).

Mawonekedwe mneni ndi lomweli silinasinthe, si chimatanthauza nthawi nkhope yake ndi chiwerengero cha - makamaka kanthu. Tiyeni tiyerekeze zitsanzo ziwiri: "Ndikugwira ntchito pa zapaderazi ndi" - "Kuti ntchito munthu ayenera kukhala." Mu chitsanzo choyamba, mneni limasonyeza kuti zochitika chikuchitika mu nthawi yeniyeni, ndipo udzapereka izo wokamba yekha (m'lowam'malo "Ine" akusonyeza 1 munthu mayunitsi H..). Mu wachiwiri anam'patsa kanthu, mfundo, popanda kutchula chiwerengero ndi munthu.

Pakati asayansi ndi akatswiri a zinenero akadali mtsutso zimene kwenikweni -t (Ti) wa infinitive ndi: a suffix kapena mathero. Tikugwirizana m'nkhaniyi ndi munthu amene pabwino monga flexion. Ngati mneni itha -ch (otaya, uvuni, kuwotcha), ndi bwino mbali ya muzu. Kumbukirani kuti kusintha mawu angayambe kusinthana: uvuni-kuphika; kutayikira-utuluke; zhech-ndikuti moto.

Infinitive akhoza kuchita zonse monga mkhalidwe, ndipo udindo wa phunziro: ". Werengani - kwambiri kudziwa" Apa mneni woyamba "werengani" - nkhaniyi, wachiwiri kwa "kudziwa" - mkhalidwe. Mwa njira, Zikatero amafuna mawu a chizindikiro chapadera zopumira - mukapeza mzera.

Mitundu ya mneni

mawonekedwe mneni anatsimikiza ndi funso, ndipo ali ndi udindo. Chinenero cha Chirasha pali ungwiro (zoyenera kuchita chiyani kuchita? Kodi kuchita?) Ndipo wangwiro (kodi? Kupanga? Ndinachita?) Mitundu ya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau. Zitsanzo: yankhulani, nkhani, nkhani - ungwiro; kunena nkuti nkuti - wangwiro. Mitundu ya mneni tanthauzo losiyana. Choncho, ungwiro amatanthauza ndi nthawi zina, repeatability ake. Mwachitsanzo: kulemba - kulemba. kanthu ali ndi nthawi kutalika. Mofanana ndi verebu lotanthauza mawonekedwe angwiro; kulemba - lemba - kulemba. Izi n'chakuti kuti zochita uli wathunthu, ali ndi zotsatira zake. kasewenzetsedwe ka mau awa amaonetsera chinthu umodzi (mphukira).

fomu maganizo

Kusintha kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi zofunazo. Pali atatu okha: makonzedwe (subjunctive), zimasonyeza ndi kuyesetsa.

Ngati ife kulankhula za maganizo zimasonyeza timatha mkhalidwe kukhala mu mawonekedwe a nthawi, munthu ndi chiwerengero. Zitsanzo za maganizo izi mneni: "Sitingalekanitse kuthyolako izi," (tsopano) - "Ife ndi Amene tidzazichita kuthyolako uyu" (mtsogolo) - "tidalenga kuthyolako uyu" (kale). Kapena anthu, "Ine ndinapanga kuthyolako uyu" (1 munthu) - "Inu anapanga kuthyolako uyu" (2 munthu) - "Anne anapanga kuthyolako uyu" (3 Munthu).

Kuchita zochita akamaziwononga amasonyeza kasewenzetsedwe ka mau subjunctive. fomu iyi aumbike mwa kuwonjezera nthawi yadutsa ya tinthu "kwa" ( "b"), amene nthawi zonse zolembedwa payokha. predicates amenewa zimasiyana ndi munthu ndipo chiwerengero. Category sichinayambe zotsimikizika. Zitsanzo za kasewenzetsedwe ka mau: "Tinagwirizana kuti vutoli mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi" (zambiri, 1 munthu ..) - "Ine akanachititsa kuthyolako ichi mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi" (U H, 1 munthu ..) - "Anna kupangidwa kuthyolako ndi thandizo la mphunzitsi "(U H, 3 munthu ..) -" Anzanga akanachititsa kuthyolako ichi mothandizidwa ndi mphunzitsi "(zambiri, 3 munthu ..).

Kulankhula limalimbikitsa kanthu ndi mneni kuyesetsa. Pofuna kupewa kanthu, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kuyesetsa amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zitsanzo: "Musachite kufuula pa ine!" (Ban) - "Sambani m'manja anu musanayambe kudya!" (Kuganizira) - "Chonde lembani kalata" (chonde). Tiyeni mwatsatanetsatane chitsanzo atsopano. Kupereka pempho lake kamvekedwe waulemu, kuti mneni kuyesetsa ndi kuwonjezera mawu akuti "chonde" ( "chonde," "ngati inu chonde").

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kuyesetsa kutha mu chizindikiro zofewa, kumene kusungidwa ndi amene adzathetsa mu Xia, ndi -te. lamulo limeneli lili ndi zosiyana - mneni "bodza" (bodza - pogona - pogona).

Category nthawi

Mitundu yaikulu ya mneni pa nthawi - amene amasonyeza nthawi ayende: m'mbuyomu (otchedwa), pano (kuitana), tsogolo (adzaitana).

nthawi yapita zikutanthauza kuti pa nthawi ya kulankhula kanthu yatha. Mwachitsanzo: "Ine ndinagula kavalidwe chaka chatha." Childs, kasewenzetsedwe ka mau awa anapanga kudzera -l- suffix anawonjezera kuti infinitive m'munsi: kuuluka - anagula. predicates izi zimasiyana mu manambala ndi mayunitsi. kuphatikizapo - ndi kusiya. Nkhope mawonekedwe si zotsimikizika.

Pakali pano ndi khalidwe okha maonekedwe wopanda ungwiro. Kuti maonekedwe ake, muyenera kuwonjezera pa mathero munthu wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau. Zitsanzo: My - kusamba - kusamba - wanga - wosambitsa.

Mawonekedwe a kasewenzetsedwe ka mau tsogolo yomangika akhoza kukhala mitundu yonse, wangwiro ndi wopanda ungwiro. Izo zifika ku mitundu iwiri: yosavuta zovuta. Khalidwe loyamba kasewenzetsedwe ka mau perfective: kumanga, kumata, anachekedwa, etc. Tsogolo zovuta mawonekedwe imperfective kasewenzetsedwe ka mau. Yerekezerani: ndidzamanga, adzakhala kumata, adzadulidwa. Choncho, mawonekedwe aumbike mwa mawu akuti "kukhala" ankachitika patsogolo yosavuta infinitive.

Ndi zam'tsogolo yomangika kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ndi munthu ndipo chiwerengero. Timanena za m'munsimu.

Munthu ndi chiwerengero

Ngati mneni ndi mwa munthu woyamba, izo zikusonyeza kuti zochita ambabala wokamba yekha. Mwachitsanzo: "Ine chimachepetsa tsiku lililonse kusamba mu madzi achisanu ndi kupukuta chisanu."

chakuti kanthu amatenga wokamba interlocutor, ife tinena wachiwiri mneni. Mwachitsanzo: "Mukudziwa mmene adzakhala awiri ndi ziwiri." Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu mawonekedwe omwewo angakhale ndi maganizo generic pofotokoza zinthu zimene zikusonyeza munthu wina aliyense. Nthawi zambiri angapezeke mu Miyambo: "Mu rotok zachilendo ayi nakinesh mpango." Kusiyanitsa maganizo awa ndi losavuta: iwo amakhala kwina nkhani.

Kasewenzetsedwe ka mau mu munthu wachitatu akufotokoza kanthu kuti chopangidwa kapena kutulutsa mutu wa kulankhula. "Lermontov yekha moyo wake onse." - "The mphepo yamkuntho unakula kwambiri moti mitengo zana zakubadwa akunga ngati nthambi."

Munthu aliyense mu chimodzi kapena ochulukitsa khalidwe la kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ena mathero. Zitsanzo: "Ine kuwuluka" - "Ife kuwuluka" - "Inu kuwuluka" - "Inu kuwuluka" - "Iwo (iye,) ntchentche" - "amauluka".

Conjugation ndi mapeto munthu mneni

Conjugation wa mneni - mawonekedwe, kutanthauza kusintha kwake kwa munthu ndi chiwerengero. Nzowona si onse predicates, koma okhawo amene ali mu maganizo zimasonyeza panopa kapena mtsogolo nthawi. Okwana pali conjugations awiri. Zikuimira iwo tebulo.

kasewenzetsedwe ka mau chabe

kasewenzetsedwe ka mau Personal zitsanzo za zimene tinakambirana pamwamba - osati chinenero cha Chirasha. Iwo ankadana ndi anthu amene amanena kuti kanthu popanda wosewera ndi. Iwo amatchedwa - yosaoneka. Ngati iwo konse kukhala, m'sentensi, amatumikira monga mkhalidwe wa. kasewenzetsedwe ka mau awa mulibe chiwerengero cha siyana. Ndiko kuti, iwo mosamalitsa kumatanthauza nthawi, panopa komanso m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo: (. Nthawi ino) "yozizira" - "Pa usiku chisanu kwambiri" (Tsogolo), "kupeza ozizira usiku chisanu kwambiri." (Akale).