Mitundu ya kachitidwe phwando. Party dongosolo - ndi ...

Party dongosolo - akonzedwa maphwando apadera ndi ubwenzi pakati pawo. Aliyense dziko osauka ndi chibadidwe mu ndale womwe unakhazikitsidwa kwa zaka zambiri. Lero pali mitundu ingapo ya machitidwe phwando. Ndani mwa iwo Ndi mmene kwa Russia zamakono, ndipo chifukwa chake ndi mbiri yakale - mafunso kuti akatswiri adakali kufunafuna mayankho.

Maphwando ndi machitidwe chipani

Latsopano chipani limapezeka kukwaniritsa zofuna za strata zothandiza anthu. chiwerengero chawo ndi chinyezimiro cha mlingo wa heterogeneity zachuma ndi maganizo zinthu. Kwakukulu kuchuluka kwa heterogeneity, choncho, chotero, zipani zambiri mu dongosolo la ndale. Aliyense wa iwo akumana zofuna za mbali ina ya anthu. Udindo wa zipani mu dongosolo la ndale, chikhalidwe cha mogwirizana zawo, komanso mtundu wawo kulenga kasinthidwe wapadera kwa aliyense boma, kuti ndi dongosolo chomveka phwando. Aliyense yodziwika ndi Mphamvu yake.

Mitundu ya kachitidwe chipani angakhale:

• chipani chimodzi chokha;
• bipartisan;
• multiparty.

dongosolo chipani chimodzi chokha

The chizindikiro chachikulu cha mtima okhawo a chipani chimodzi mu dziko. Kuli kachitidwe kamodzi chipani n'zotheka ndi opondereza ndi authoritarian boma.

m'magulu otere nthawi zambiri anagawa zambiri mitundu iwiri. The choyamba - makamaka dongosolo chipani chimodzi chokha, kuti ndiye mutu wa boma ndi nzeru gulu limodzi, amene akulamulira zinthu zonse. Mtundu chachiwiri - mwamwambo dongosolo Mipikisano phwando. Kwenikweni ake kwagona kuti ngakhale kuli zipani zambiri, mphamvu zonse ziri mmodzi, amatchedwa hegemon.

Party dongosolo ku Eastern Europe a mtundu uwu mpaka 1990. Panopa, ndi mmene chifukwa China Komabe, kuwonjezera pa akulamulira Communist Party, ntchito ena eyiti.

bipartisanship

The chizindikiro chachikulu - mpikisano zonse awiriwa zipani zikuluzikulu zandale, ulamuliro wawo ina. Mu dongosolo chotero mpumulo palibe kwambiri kulemera ndale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pafupifupi onse mipando aphungu afika maguluwo pamagulu awiri, amene akukonda kwambiri ya mavoti otchuka. Dongosolo awiri chipani si kulenga Mgwirizano, chifukwa gulu lililonse palokha amenewa. United States ndiponso United Kingdom - akuluakulu oimira ndi mayiko Chingelezi.

dongosolo 2,5 chipani

mtundu uwu si kuboma, chifukwa n'kovuta kwambiri, koma mfundo ongolankhula maganizo, ndi bwino kukumbukira za izo. Iye ndi chinthu cha mtanda pakati pa awiri chipani ndi dongosolo Mipikisano phwando. Kumaonekera kukachitika kuti kapena awiri kupikisana maphwando sakupeza chiwerengero kofunika mavoti Mwachitsanzo, munthu akalandira 43%, ndi wina - 47%. Mapangidwe boma n'kofunika 50% kuphatikiza voti imodzi.

Pankhaniyi, chiwerengero chosowacho achokera chipani zonyozeka, limene kwa iwo adzatha kupeza mphamvu kwambiri.

dongosolo multiparty

Chachikulu kusiyana ndi mpikisano wa zipani zambiri. Malinga ndi chiwerengero chawo kachitidwe kopanda chipani chowongolera (3-5) ndipo kwambiri (6 kapena kuposa) kuchuluka. Koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo ali ndi mphamvu. Kuti tichite zimenezi, maphwando angapo amagwirizana mu mgwirizano ndi. M'pofunika ntchito intraparliamentary ndi gulu lonse. Dongosolo gulu la Russia ano limabweretsa mtundu uwu.

Zosiyanasiyana dongosolo Mipikisano chipani

Malinga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zipani kuzindikiridwa nambala ya zamoyo.

1. A dongosolo multiparty popanda chipani umene ukulamulira. Mu mtundu uwu wa palibe chipani ali ambiri mtheradi. Pa mapangidwe boma, maphwando angapo mogwirizana migwirizano ndi coalitions.
2. Dongosolo Mipikisano chipani ndi phwando lalikulu. Choncho, munthu phwando (kapena umodzi nkotheka) anali m'tsogoleri m'bwalolo ndale.
3. Bloc chipani dongosolo. Izi zikufanana ndi bipartizm chifukwa chakuti maphwando ndi ogwirizana mu midadada, amene kupikisana wina ndi mzake.

Kufanizitsa kachitidwe chipani

Mu njira ya chitukuko mbiri ya chipani chimodzi unakhazikitsidwa mu chikhalidwe chomwecho, mu china - awiri wachitatu - atatu ndi zambiri. Malingana kalasi zikuchokera anthu, miyambo mbiri ndi chikhalidwe ndale, mayiko zikuchokera kupangidwa kapena kuti dongosolo la chipani. Ichi ndi chifukwa zifukwa zambiri kulimbikitsa malamulo a boma.

Kukhomera chimango chimodzi chipani anthu nthawi zonse kucheza osati wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kutali Chrixitu. Iwo kutenga zochita dziko zimakhudza anthu.

chiwerengero A maphwando amenewa, chikhalidwe ubale wa wina ndi mnzake, mogwirizana ndi boma kapena mabungwe ena andale ndi andale kumeneko.

Mitundu ya kachitidwe chipani ali sanalemberetu njira mwangwiro arithmetical, amene ndi chipani - chipani chimodzi, awiri chipani - awiri Mipikisano chipani - kwambiri. Kuyenera n'komwe, komanso zizindikiro zenizeni. Oyenera andale tichipeza zinthu zitatu:

• chiwerengero cha masewera;
• kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa chipani lalikulu la Mgwirizano;
• mlingo wa mpikisano pakati pa zipani.

andale Party

Mphamvu ndi chibadidwe lililonse mode yeniyeni. mfundo State aumbike patapita zaka zambiri. Party dongosolo - ndi ubale wathunthu lingaliro pakati pa zipani mayunitsi, ndi mayanjano, ankachita pakati pawo, chiyanjano, kapena Tikawonetsetsa mpikisano mu kukhazikitsa mphamvu.

Pakali pano, mayiko osiyanasiyana pali ambiri maphwando kuti kukumana zofuna za maselo onse a anthu. Chifukwa zosiyanasiyana izi zimathandiza kuti aliyense kusankha kwawo pamalopa loponya.

Maphwando ndi machitidwe chipani anapanga chifukwa cha zikuyendera mogwirizana ndi vuto m'bwalolo ndale. Chofunikanso ndi mtundu wa zipani okha. Wamkulu amadza ali ndi malamulo panopa, malamulo ndi malamulo visola. Aliyense boma ali ndi zina pa makina phwando. Ndi mbali ya boma lililonse. Akusiyana okha mitundu ya kachitidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha zipani.

Pali zifukwa zingapo zimene zimakhudza mapangidwe dongosolo la ndale la boma. Njirazi ndi monga:

• kukhwima andale a anthu;
• mlingo wa chikumbu ndale;
• Kapangidwe dziko;
• maganizo chipembedzo;
• chikhalidwe mbali;
• miyambo mbiri;
• chiphunzitso cha mphamvu chikhalidwe ndi kalasi.

Modern machitidwe chipani cha boma lililonse - ndi zotsatira zaka mapangidwe ndi chitukuko mbiri.

Ntchito ya zipani

M'bwalolo ndale, sikutheka kupeza malo pakati, kotero anthu amatenga zingapo zimene mungachite, Pakati izo azitha kusankha kwanu. Choncho, lero pali nambala yaikulu mabungwe, mayanjano ndi atilakwira.

Malinga zigawo ofunikira chikhalidwe ndi moyo ndale za chipani ano anthu kuchita zinthu zina.

Woyamba ndi ofunika kwambiri pazikhalanso nthumwi. Bwaloli zofuna za mitundu ina ya anthu. M'mayiko ena, chiwerengero chomwecho zigawo za anthu zochokera pa ndale.

Ntchito yachiwiri anafotokoza sotsializatorskaya. Kwenikweni ake ndi kuchita angapo ziwalo zake kapena mbali ya mbali ya anthu.

The ofufuza lachitatu amanena ntchito kulankhula. cholinga chake ndi kukhalabe ubale wamphamvu ndi adzaponye chisanko cha, anthu ndi ena andale, bungwe akulamulira, mpikisano. Bungwe Party ayenera kutsatira maganizo a anthu, kotero Mbali imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Chachinayi - maganizo. Izi zikuphatikizapo kukwezedwa. Taphunzira, malonda, msonkhano, kukhala kuwina nsanja ndale.

Ndipo ntchito chachisanu - gulu ndale. Mbali yofunika kwambiri ndi kusankha anthu, Kukwezeleza cadres mu masankho, powapatsa mfundo zoyenera ntchito ndi nawo wotsatira pomenyera mphamvu.

Zimene zikuchitika ku Russia

Dongosolo gulu la Russia amakono anayamba mapangidwe ake kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. Kuyambira pamenepo, m'bwalolo, khamu la mapangano atsopano, koma panali iwo amene anakhazikitsidwa ndipo anayamba pamodzi ndi nkhaniyo.

Russian dongosolo chipani ndi Mipikisano phwando. Komabe, theorists, ofufuza akukhulupirira kuti ndi dongosolo Mipikisano gulu la amorphous ndi wosakhazikika. Pa ndime ndi maphwando odziwika ndi otchuka kwambiri pamaso kusankha, atsopano, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kutha. Pali kuchuluka kwa midadada amene pulogalamu musati amasiyana Chrixitu. Chifukwa cha chisankho ichi ndi anamwazikana, kupanga chisankho cholakwika.

Komabe, Russian Federation chifukwa lalikhulu ladziko ndipo malamulo panopa ikuyenda kuchokera kukuchititsa zimenezi. Choncho, mu chisankho ku State Duma mu 1995 izo zinajambulidwa ochuluka monga 43 Kugwirizana ndale. Mu 1999 - kale 26, ndipo mu 2003, ndipo ngakhale zochepa - 22 Party. Chaka chilichonse, chiwerengero ichi amachepetsa.

Russian dongosolo chipani umalamulidwa ndi malamulo, mfundo zofunika kuzikwaniritsa Chilamulo "Pa zipani". Kudzera kusintha zindikirani mu dongosolo.

Wakumvera lamulo, gulu lililonse tiyenera kukhala anthu osachepera zikwi 50, icho chiyenera kukhala osachepera mabungwe dera m'madera 50 Russia, omwe ayenera kukhala mamembala 100. Kuchuluka chotchinga kudutsa pa Duma. Poyamba, maphwando ankafunika 5% ya mavoti oponya voti, tsopano - osachepera 7%.