Mitundu ya nthano: ndi zozizwitsa, wodziwika bwino. chilengedwe nthano

Mythology - chidwi kwambiri culturological chodabwitsa. Phindu la nthano mu chikhalidwe chi n'zovuta Musaone, chifukwa pa maziko awo panali mwaluso mabuku, nzeru yochokera. Wapadera zodabwitsazi kwagona kuti wopyoza zaka, kusungidwa mu chikumbukiro mibadwo. Taganizirani tanthauzo la nthano, ife mwatsatanetsatane maganizo awo, komanso bwino, kuposa ena amanena wosiyana nthano ndi nthano.

Bodza: kudziŵa katundu, maonekedwe

Makolo athu anayesetsa kufotokoza zochitika zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe, malo awo mu dziko, zikamera wa chilengedwe ndi kutha zotheka. Ndipotu, iwo analibe sayansi, iwo sankadziwa sayansi, zakuthambo ndi Anthropology. Ndipo anapangidwa nthano. Pang'onopang'ono, ndi chitukuko cha sayansi ndi chidwi mu nthano ofooka, koma wadutsa kuchokera pakamwa m'kamwa, chotero anafika pano. Izi chodabwitsa - ndi amafotokoza weniweni wa nzeru za anthu ndi kumvetsa.

N'kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti nthano kupanga - mwayi wapadera wa anthu akale. Izi si choncho ndi lero, timakumana ndi chodabwitsa. Mu moyo wa munthu, pali chinachake zonama, wosangalatsa. Ikufotokoza zikhulupiliro ano.

Mu funso kuposa nthano ndi wosiyana nthano, kutsogolera ntchito za zinthu zimenezi. Nthano lakonzedwa kuphunzitsa, kuphunzitsa, mwinanso kuchereza. Ndi ndithu nthano ina yomwe chipilala chojambulidwa kufotokoza akamanena za zinthu. Chinthu chapafupi kwa icho, ofufuza kuika nthano, kumene zinthu zachilengedwe kuthandiza otchuka.

More kumalo ozizira mfundo - nthano. Otsiriza - chithunzithunzi cha makamaka chochitika zakale zomwe nthawi zonse amaona kwenikweni alipo. Nthano, ndi nthano analenga anthu.

cosmogonic nthano

The zili nkhani zosiyanasiyana, chifukwa iwo bwanji mbali zonse za moyo wa munthu. Choncho kusiyanitsa mitundu yaikulu ya nthano, malingana ndi zimene iwo akunena. Komanso pali anthu ena amene analengedwa isanafike nzeru za anthu chisanadze kalasi, ndipo pali anthu amene zikugwirizananso ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko.

Cosmogonical - bodza loyamba dongosolo lililonse. Akunena apa za mmene dziko linalengedwa. Monga ulamuliro, zolengedwa patsogolo chisokonezo (wakale Greece), kugawikana, kusowa kuti (wakale Egypt), mphamvu ya moto ndi madzi (Scandinavia nthano), kapena dziko lapansi ndi kumwamba mu dzira lonse (nthano ya India wakale).

Onse nthano cosmogonic wa dziko gawo nkhani imodzi: kupanga dongosolo kuti dziko kuzungulira olamulira makamaka. Zingakhale mtengo - phulusa la dziko, monga wakale Scandinavians, kapena kuwala kwa ulamuliro usiku ndi usana wachiyuda. Komanso "mwandondomeko kuyambira chisokonezeko" angalenge ukwati. Choncho, mu nthano zakale Greek - ndi Uranus ndi Gaia, ndi Polynesia - Papa ndi Rangi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kutsogolera zimenezi zonse amapereka mulungu wotsogolera: Vishnu, Mulungu.

Komanso, izi mitundu ya nthano akufotokoza chilengedwe cha anthu oyambirira ndi kuchoka zochitika za Mulungu wamkulu ndi kulanda umwini ufulu wa chilengedwe cha manja cha zolengedwa.

nthano anthropogonic

Pafupi pa nkhani za nthano Cosmological abut antropogogicheskie. Ena asayansi sazindikira kuonetsetsa iwo mu gulu lapadera, ndipo anthu amati ndi mbali yofunika ya nthano za chiyambi cha chilengedwe. Iwo amatiuza za chiyambi cha munthu kapena banja. Zikamera wa anthu oyambirira kukhala osiyana. Generalizing zikhulupiliro za dziko, ife anatsimikizira kuti pali munthu m'njira zotsatirazi:

1. Nyama totem - anaphunzitsa izi nthano amakezana Mwachitsanzo, ku Australia.
2. Za mtengo ndi dothi (woyamba kanjedza mu Norse nthano, wachiwiri - Aiguputo, Akkadians, ob Ugrians).
3. Kupita ku dziko m'munsi pansi (ndi Sumerians, anthu a kum'mwera kwa Sahara).
4. Chitsitsimutso cha anthu, kuwapatsa moyo (amene nthawi zambiri wapadera wa Nthanthi, kumene kuli awiri otsutsanawa milungu ina "zoipa" anapanga sangathe kulenga munthu weniweni, ndipo kokha umulungu mtsogoleri amapereka moyo ndi moyo). Mwachitsanzo, n'zotheka kubweretsa nthano Mkhristu ndi ob-Ugric.

Astral, dzuwa ndi nthano mwezi

Mitundu Cosmological ofanana ndi mfundo zabodza kuti ndikuuzeni za chiyambi cha nyenyezi ndi maiko - astral. Pa iwo ndi zochokera nyenyezi, chomwe chidakalipo mpaka lero. Ku maganizo a anthu akale kuwundana - likamadzakonzedwa nyama, zomera ndi ngakhale anthu (mwachitsanzo, msaki). Chidwi kutanthauzira kwa Milky Way yosiyana Nthanthi. Ambiri zambiri ndi kugwirizana pakati pa maiko. Agiriki akale kugwirizana ndi mkaka wa Hera, Ababulo anali zingwe wake atagwira Earth m'chilengedwe chonse.

makolo athu akumidzi unali wachilendo kudziwa milungu ina kapena nyama ndi mapulaneti ndi nyenyezi, anaona gulu lawo ponda, kuzindikira dongosolo. Choncho iwo m'malembo Nthanthi za China, ku Middle East. Ndi zikhulupiriro izi limene lachititsa chitukuko cha nyenyezi.

A malo apadera wotanganidwa ndi nthano zakale za dzuwa. Iwo ali pafupifupi Nthanthi. Ena - ngwazi, mwanjira otsekeredwa mu mlengalenga, nthawizina - chifukwa cha makhalidwe (Scandinavia), ena - angapo akazi kapena abale kumene mmodzi (mwezi), wamng'ono kwa ena (dzuwa). Mwachitsanzo, Ndi mmene kwa nthano Korea.

mitundu yambiri kuzindikiridwa olamulira awo ndi ana dzuwa. Amenewa anali zikhulupiliro za anthu a Egypt, Japan, America South (fuko la Ainka).

nthano etiological

Nthano amene amafotokoza za kuonekera kwa zomera, nyama, nyengo, mbali malo otchedwa etiological. Izi ndi nthano zakale kwambiri, chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa anthu akale. Kumene, chuma kutsegula zimayambitsa zinthu Chili chikhulupiriro m'nthano ambiri, komabe umalimbana etiological amatiuza za chiyambi cha zonse lozungulira munthu.

Pa gawo loyamba kwambiri ndi nthano kuti tsopano amaona nthano anthu a Australia, New Guinea ndi Islands Andaman. Mwachitsanzo, pofotokozera tsiku khungu mileme, palibe mchira mu chimbalangondo marsupial.

mphako A amakhulupirira kuti kufotokoza maonekedwe a nyama ndi zomera ambiri. Izi ndi nthano za chiyambi cha anamgumiwa kuchokera oyendetsa njiru, ndi Arachne nsalu kangaude, analangidwa ndi Aphrodite.

The zapamwamba kwambiri zikhulupiriro etiological ndikuuzeni za chiyambi cha nyenyezi; dzuwa, mwezi, mlengalenga. nthano oterowo amapezeka mu chipembedzo chirichonse. Mwachitsanzo, ku New Zealand ndi Egypt, thambo chifukwa zikamera wa mphamvu apamwamba, kuti "kusiya" kumwamba ndi padziko lapansi. Komanso anthu nthano, mwamtheradi onse, kufotokoza diurnal ndi pachaka zoyenda dzuwa kudutsa mlengalenga.

Subcategory etiological nthano ndi achipembedzo: iwo kulankhula za mmene panali izi kapena kuti mwambo, chifukwa chake n'kofunika kuchita chotero ndi sakanachita.

nthano amunamuna

Ngwazi za zikhulupiliro za phunziro - nkhani pakati. Limanena za moyo wa zochuluka uliwonse, kuchita kumbuyo kusiya ntchito. Kapangidwe pafupifupi chimodzimodzi:

• Kubadwa kozizwitsa kwa ngwazi ya.
• Anamanganso ndi mayesero zoyikidwa ndi a bambo kapena wina aliyense wachibale, monga E akhoza tsogolo apongozi mtsogoleri wa fuko ngakhale umulungu. Childs, pa siteji iyi ya ngwazi - ukapolo: iye wathyola taboo chikhalidwe, wachita mlandu.
• Kukwaniritsa mkazi wake ndi banja.
• Anapitiriza anamanganso.
• Imfa ya Hero a.

Ngati ife kulankhula za nthano za Agiriki akale, apa otchuka a m'nthano - ana a mulungu ndi mkazi wachivundi. Ndi zikhulupiriro izi ndi maziko a nthano komanso ntchito yadzaoneni.

nthano Totemic ndi achipembedzo

zofanana kwambiri ndi phunziro lathu nthano zotsatirazi: totemic ndi achipembedzo. A tingachipeze powerenga chitsanzo cha choyamba - umulungu wa wakale Egypt, amene aliyense wa iwo anali ndi zoomorphic mbali: ng'ona, mphaka, mimbulu ndi ena. nthano zimenezi ena zimakhalira pachibale magulu, Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira anthu ndi totems Izi n'zimene nyama kapena zomera.

Kuwonjezera milungu Aigupto angathe tchulani chitsanzo cha nthano ya mafuko Australia kumene miyala wopatulika, nyama, zomera - ali wobadwanso anakhala makolo a zoomorphic. zikhulupiriro zofanana anali m'gulu la Papuans ndi anthu otchedwa ma Bushmen.

Nthawi zambiri, zikhulupiliro totemic wamba mutu wa banja zolengedwa zoomorphic, ndi munthu wamba. Monga ulamuliro, limalongosola magwero a mitundu. Ndi pakati pa Kirghiz, Orochi, Korea. Choncho zithunzi za nthano Chule Mfumukazi kapena Chotsani Finist ndi Chimphamba.

Achipembedzo nthano, mwina kwambiri mwachinsinsi. amanena amadziwika ochepa, osunga makamaka kulambira. Iwo ali wopatulika kwambiri ndipo amatiuza za chiyambi cha ena kanthu. Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga - Bacchanalia, anakonza polemekeza Greek mulungu Diyonisiyo. Chitsanzo china - kuchokera Ancient Egypt. Nthano za milungu Osirisi , komanso Isisi anali maziko a mwambo kanthu pamene Isisi anafuna thupi wokonda wake, kenako anauka kwa akufa.

eschatological nthano

Nawatsimikizira yonse eschatological zikhulupiriro nthano kuwauza za kutha kwa dziko. Izi yonse ya nthano antonymous Cosmological. Only mtendere osati kuti analengedwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Monga ulamuliro, ndi kutsogolera ndi impoverishment ya maziko abwino a anthu. Yodziwika ndi zikhulupiriro zimenezi chifukwa kwambiri kuyambira nthano. Mwachitsanzo, Norsemen, Ahindu, Akhristu.

Mitu zikhulupiriro eschatological zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo:

1. Iwo anafotokoza ngoziyo wa lonse, kulekanitsa dziko la nkhani ino. Amenewo ndiwo Ket ndi Sami.
2. Imfa ya "zaka golide" wa umunthu, kupanda ungwiro wake. Monga chitsanzo, aku Iran nthano, limene limafotokoza atatu danga nyengo, aliyense kwa khalidwe abwino kwambiri kuposa m'mbuyomu. Izi iwonso monga Ragnarok ya nthano Norse - moto lonse, ndi kusintha dziko.
3. phunziro lina - cyclical chikhalidwe cha chitukuko, kumene pa mapeto a nthawi iliyonse ya ngoziyo, monga kukonza pansi. Ndi Mwachitsanzo, zaka madzuwa anayi mu nthano Aztec. Choyamba malekezero kuukira nyama, wachiwiri - mphepo, wachitatu - moto, ndipo lachinayi - chigumula.
4. Messianism. N'kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti ndi mwayi wapadera zimene Akhristu amakhulupirira. Nthano za milungu ndi mesiya ndi mu chi Hindu (Kalki), ndipo Islam (ndi Mahdi) ndi Chibuda (Buddha Maitreya).

nthano kalendala

Calendar yonse ya nthano n'zogwirizana ndi cosmogony ndi mpatuko. Anthu anali achilendo kufotokoza kusintha kwa nyengo, usana ndi usiku, akufa zachilengedwe m'dzinja ndi chisanu ndi masika chitsitsimutso. Maganizo awa ndi zimaonekera nthano kalendala. Iwo zochokera kuzipenya wa zakuthambo zochitika, chikondwerero pa nthawi ya yolowera latsopano Chaka chino, zosonkhanitsira ndi kubzala mbewu. Taganizirani izi pa kaonedwe ka nkhani chidwi kwambiri ya nthano.

Ngati ife kulankhula za kusintha miyezi chaka, pali malumikizanidwe amphamvu ndi nthano astral. Anafotokoza alternating miyezi mawu a zizindikiro za m'nyenyezi. Makamaka anakwanitsa nthano ino Mesopotamiya.

Zikhulupiriro za Aigupto wakale iye anali ndi udindo pa kosangalatsa wake ndi kayendedwe ka nyenyezi nyenyezi za kuthambo ndiponso mulungu Thoth. Zinali kumuyamikila chaka kuti kugawidwa ndi masiku 365. Otsiriza 5 akhala allocated kuti abadwe mulungu Osirisi, Seti, Isisi ndi ena. Iwo anali odzipereka kwa masiku asanu chikondwerero kumapeto kwa chaka kalendala. Ngati ife kulankhula za kusintha kwa usana ndi usiku - Aiguputo anafotokoza motere: Ra, mulungu pansi pa bwato ku gehena kapena nkhondo Seti ndi nyanga.

Mu Roma, mwezi uliwonse kalendala anali zimachitika mulungu makamaka: April - Aphrodite, June - Juno, March - Mars. Chiyambi cha mwezi uliwonse anatsimikiza wansembe wa mwezi. The zogundana Roma Greek nthano anali mulungu - mapiri ali ndi udindo kusintha kwa nyengo.

Mulungu Marduk ku nthano za Sumerians ndi Akkadians anachititsa kalendara. Latsopano Chaka Hava kwa anthu awa nayamba pa kasupe March.

The kusintha nyengo zina Nthanthi chikugwirizana ndi moyo ndi imfa ya mulungu. Wokwanira kukumbukira wakale Greek nkhani ya Demeter ndi Persephone. inawo anaba ku nthaka yake Hade. Demeter, mulungu wamkazi wobereketsa kukhala choncho anaphonya mwana wake amene analanda chonde dziko. Ngakhale Zeus analamula Hade kubwerera Persephone, iye anakakamizika kamodzi pachaka kubwerera kudziko la akufa. Ndi ichi ndi Ahelene kugwirizana nyengo. nkhani zofanana za nthano ngwazi Osirisi Yarile, Adonis, Balder.

nthano zamakono

N'kulakwa kukhulupirira kuti nthano kupanga zikanangowonjezera kuthana ndi chitukuko akale. zodabwitsazi ndi khalidwe la modernity. Mosiyana ndi nthano masiku ano kuti zachokera zinthu zambiri sayansi. Kukhala anamanga telesikopu amphamvu ndi kuwona pamwamba pa Mars, anthu anayamba kulenga chiphunzitso lanthano kuli kotheka kwa moyo uko, monga pano akhoza zimachitika mitundu yonse ya anamveketsa "mabowo wakuda". Tikhoza kunena kuti lonse la makono yopeka - ndi mtundu wa nthano, chifukwa pamene akuyesera kuti afotokoze ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa chodabwitsa.

Komanso, kusintha kwa zikhulupiliro amunamuna tinganene kuti ngwazi mafilimu amenewa ndi okhala, Kangaude-Man, Batman, Teenage ZOOPSA Ninja akamba. Ndithudi, aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mbiri yake, kulephera mwa anthu (ukapolo); iwo zimachita zinthu zogometsa wosangalatsa kuti athandize anthu.

Ndi ofunika kutchula ano m'matauni nthano. Wosangalatsa zamoyo wake zipatso anaonekera mu malingaliro a anthu kale mu XX-XXI zaka. Pamodzi ndi mabungwe oterowo, monga gremlins anali lonse m'tawuni nthano. Monga ulamuliro, iwo zochokera zenizeni mbiri ya mzinda makamaka ndi anthu ake. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya Kaliningrad mayenje a mdima ndi chuma chobisika kumeneko ndi Anazi kwawo pa adani a mzinda ndi asilikali Soviet.