Mitundu ya nyama: zitsanzo, gulu

Padziko lapansi, muli mitundu wosatha wa nyama zosiyanasiyana. Kuwamvetsa, m'pofunika kufufuza gulu la, womwenso mitundu, makalasi ndipo magulu. Mitundu ndi sitepe lotsiriza la magawano, chifukwa chiwerengero chawo ndi chachikulu kwambiri. Bwino kutenga zofunika zochepa mitundu ya nyama, zomwe ndi zochepa kwambiri. Kuphunzira mtundu wawo constituent adzakhala zambiri yabwino.

siponji

Kwa nthawi yaitali nyama ankatengedwa zomera. Science aphunzira kapangidwe awo posachedwapa. Chinkhupule mtundu zikuphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana nyama. Zitsanzo za izi akhoza kutchulidwa kwa nthawi yaitali. Oimira nthawi zonse amakhala ndi malo m'madzi, koma iwo amasiyana maonekedwe chidwi kwambiri njira. Masiponji amaoneka ngati zophuka lackluster, lozenges, timitengo kapena apezeka. Galasi pamaso pa nyama zimenezi zikuwoneka amazipanga kukongola ndi mwaluso chenicheni cha chikhalidwe - otchedwa Venus dengu kapena nyanja lalanje ngati wosakhwima ndi translucent. Komanso pali zina wamba - mwachitsanzo, thonje, nkomwe ikuyenda. Komabe, mtundu uliwonse popanda vuto lililonse kupeza chakudya - ndi kudutsa thupi chimamangidwa mabuku a madzi, tizilombo zimene ziri zakudya ndipo zilombo chodabwitsa. Koma chinthu chidwi n'chakuti mwangozi mayina a nyama zimenezi m'dzina la nkhani banja osamba kapena kuyeretsa si mwangozi: m'mbuyomu kwa cholinga ichi ntchito ndi thonje kuti ndi opindulitsa pa khungu ndipo kukhala wachikondi kwa kukhudza moyo.

coelenterates

Choncho, ndi lonena mitundu, zitsanzo ayenera m'magulu molingana ndi mitundu chachikulu. Kenako - coelenterates zolengedwa onyozeka amene matupi ndi lopangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zokha maselo. mitundu yonse, kupatulapo ochepa zimapezeka malo m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, evdendrium hydroid, matanthwe Acropora kapena siphonophores fizofora. Aliyense wa mitundu ya maonekedwe wapadera - ena ali ngati mitengo ing'onoing'ono, pamene ena amafanana nthenga. Ogwirizana ndi chizolowezi moyo mu madera, ndi kapangidwe ka thupi - monga Umboni dzina yekha thupi M'mimbamo ndi intestine. mitundu yonse zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri; tizilombo ting'onoting'ono, zomwe zili pa malo ena, kapena modabwitsa, zimenezi yam'manja.

nyongolotsi

Lonena mitundu amene mndandanda ndi yaitali kwambiri, ndi ponena kuti mtundu ofunika. Mphutsi akhoza kukhala mosabisa, kuzungulira ndi ringed. mitundu zonsezi United Kapangidwe ka zigawo angapo selo - ectoderm, mesoderm ndi endoderm. thupi cavities mphutsi kumeneko, thupi lapangidwa parenchyma, yomwe imagwira ntchito zonse zofunikira. Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa mitundu. Flatworms ndi ubongo tsinde, mu wozungulira pali ochepa kotenga ndi peripharyngeal mitsempha ya pamphuno, ndi annelid - mantha dongosolo enteric. Komanso, yotsirizira azipereka chatsekedwa mitsempha ya magazi, omwe ena satero.

ngale

Iwo ayenera kuphunzira mitundu osati achikale. Gulu zikuphatikizapo zinthu zambiri zamakono, monga nkhono. Ndi mtundu monga nambala pazipita mitundu. Kodi zamoyo zimene zimakhala mu nyanja (oysters, nyamayi, mamazelo, nyamayi), madzi abwino (mussel, viviparus, mollusks) kapena pansi yonyowa (nkhono, slugs). Makulidwe a ngale ya Mitundu osiyana kwambiri, iwo akhoza kukhala ting'onoting'ono kwambiri (a millimeters ochepa) kapena mkulu monga mamita oposa makumi awiri m'litali. anthu ambiri kukhala ndi moyo wongokhala, koma ena akhoza kusuntha njira kwakusiyana. Izi nyamayi ndi mitundu ofanana. Gawo molluscs mulinso mungachite monga cephalopods bivalve ndi gastropod. Ena chipolopolo, wopangidwa mwa zigawo zingapo (stratum corneum ndi laimu), koma ambiri ataya mu njira chirengedwe. Chili onse a mitundu awa, mayina a amene, mwa njira, monga ndi nkhono, ndi nyama, dongosolo la dongosolo m'mimba. Amakhala mayunitsi atatu kuchokera kutsogolo, pakati ndi matumbo kumbuyo. Anthu ena amasiyana akulu lilime mano, pamene ena kudya ankangokhala, chabe imathandiza chakudya kuchokera makutu madzi kuyimitsidwa. Mitundu yonse ya mitsempha ya magazi si chatsekedwa ndipo zikuphatikizapo ziwiya ndi mtima ndi atria angapo ndipo ventricles. zamoyo za m'madzi kupuma ndi makutu, pansi - kuwala. dongosolo Excretory ukufanizidwa ndi impso, ndi mantha - anamwazikana mfundo ndi ganglia zikuluzikulu.

arthropoda

Lonena za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyama, mndandanda sangathe wathunthu popanda anatchula za zamoyo izi. Arthropods - kuti centipedes, ndi zinkhanira, ndi akangaude, ndi nkhanu. Monga ulamuliro, izo dvustoronnesimmetrichnye nyama ndi thupi ogaŵikana zigawo. Thupi lokutidwa ndi cuticle wa chitin, amene akutumikira monga exoskeleton ndi kuwateteza lake. Popeza gulu zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya nyama zitsanzo za kachitidwe kupuma akhoza umasemphana kotheratu - ndi onse kuwala ndi makutu. oimira onse a dongosolo sanali chatsekedwa magazi. mawonekedwe thupi akhoza zosiyanasiyana. Monga ulamuliro, thupi tichipeza zigawo zingapo: mutu, thorax ndi mimba - iwo onse machitidwe nyama. Zitsanzo Komabe, zina kusuntha: akangaude mutu ndi chifuwa pamodzi paunch, ndipo nkhupakupa zigawo zonse kuonetsetsa kovuta.

poyambira

Mitundu ambiri ndi odziwika bwino nyama, zithunzi zomwe aliyense anaona, ndi wa mtundu uwu. Ndi wapamwamba ndi adzatenge olamulira a chubu ubongo chigoba. Mtundu zikuphatikizapo zitatu zazikulu za zamoyo: izi tunicates, bescherepnyh ndi inakhala. The mitundu ya nyama woyamba zitsanzo za amene ali kutali zochepa wodziwika kwambiri kuposa otsiriza m'pamenenso kukhala ndi sing'anga amadzimadzi, ndi kumanga midzi yawo,. Ali ndi mbiya kapena thumba thupi, mantha dongosolo la ganglion ndi mphamvu underdeveloped. zamoyo zimenezi zikuphatikizapo mitundu otsatirawa: squirts kunyanja, Appendicularia, pirosomy ndi ena. Zilombozi kubereka mosiyanasiyana, chakudya pa algae, nyama zazing'ono, detritus. Kodi chidwi, mawonekedwe wamkulu ndi m'Chingelezi chosavuta, koma mphutsi ndi zambiri yogwira ndi wotukuka kwambiri mphamvu. Bescherepnyh alibe mutu osiyana, zomwe alinga dzina lawo. Kupuma ndi makutu ndipo alibe ziwalo zambiri, amaona ndi lancelet wotchuka. Pomaliza, inakhala - wotchuka kwambiri ndipo anayamba ndi gulu nyama. Zikuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya nyama, nsomba, mbalame, achule ndi zokwawa. mtundu umenewu wakhala kusanduka mu nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe. Pa nthawi, munthu wodziwika padziko mitundu zikwi makumi asanu a inakhala.