The mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa chitsulo

Iron - odziwika bwino mankhwala amafotokozera. Zimatanthauza pafupifupi wa zitsulo zotakasika. Katundu ndi ntchito chitsulo ayankhidwa m'nkhaniyi.

Kuchuluka m'chilengedwe

Pali ndithu wambirimbiri mchere, monga Ferrum. Choyamba, ndi magnetite. Iye cent makumi awiri pa wapangidwa chitsulo. mankhwala chilinganizo ake - Fe ₃ O _4. mchere izi amatchedwanso magnetite. Iwo ali kuwala imvi mtundu, nthawi zina ndi imvi mdima wakuda ndi luster zachitsulo. gawo lake lalikulu ili mu Urals mu CIS.

mchere lotsatira ndi okhutira mkulu chitsulo - hematite - izo limapangidwa peresenti makumi asanu ndi mchitidwe uwu. mankhwala chilinganizo ake - Fe ₂ O _3. Limatchedwanso hematite. Iwo ali mtundu kuchokera red-bulauni wofiira-imvi. The wanga waukulu mu CIS ali Kryvyi Rih.

Wachitatu mchere zili FERRUM - limonite. Apa chitsulo shestdesyat peresenti ya kulemera okwana. crystalline ichi, i.e. mu galasi latisi ake nsalu madzi molekyulu, mankhwala ake chilinganizo - Fe ₂ O ₃ • H ₂ O. Monga dzina lake likunenera, mchere uyu ali ndi lachikasu brownish mtundu, nthawi zina bulauni. Iye ali chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za ocher zachilengedwe ndi ntchito monga pigment a. Limatchedwanso limonite. Malo waukulu wa zosayembekezereka - Crimea, ndi Urals.

The siderite, otchedwa siderite peresenti forte-eyiti Ferrum. mankhwala chilinganizo ake - FeCO _3. matabwa ake si homogeneous ndipo imakhala mumtundu ogwirizana pamodzi ndi timibulu: imvi, wotumbululuka wobiriwira, imvi chikasu, lachikasu bulauni, ndi ena.

Yotsirizira zambiri mwachibadwa zikuchitika mchere ndi mkulu zili FERRUM - galasi. Iwo ali mankhwala chilinganizo FeS _2. Iron ali peresenti makumi asanu ya kulemera okwana. Chifukwa maatomu sulufule a mchere uli ndi golide-chikasu.

Ambiri a mchere anafufuza kuti apange chitsulo koyera. Komanso, hematite ntchito kupanga zodzikongoletsera ku miyala yachilengedwe. inclusions galasi akhoza kupezeka mu zodzikongoletsera ku lazuli lapis. Komanso chikhalidwe cha chitsulo opezeka zikuchokera zamoyo - ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri kwa selo. Izi amafotokozera kufufuza alowe thupi wambiri chokwanira. Mankhwala katundu wa chitsulo mwachuluka chifukwa chakuti mchitidwe mankhwala ndi maziko a hemoglobin lapansi. Choncho, ntchito Ferrum ndi wabwino kwa chikhalidwe magazi, ndipo potsatira lonse chamoyo.

Hardware: thupi ndi mankhwala katundu

Taonani dongosolo la zigawo ziwiri zazikulu. thupi katundu wa chitsulo - ndi maonekedwe ake, kachulukidwe, kusungunuka mfundo, Izo ndizo, mbali zonse zimasiyanitsa zinthu imakhudzana ndi sayansi ... Chemical katundu wa chitsulo - ndi mphamvu yake kuchita ndi mankhwala ena. Tiyeni tiyambe ndi woyamba.

The thupi katundu wa chitsulo

Mu maonekedwe ake angwiro pa zinthu zachilendo ndi olimba. Iwo ali mtundu siliva imvi ndi kutchulidwa zachitsulo Sheen. Mawotchi katundu monga chitsulo mlingo wa kuuma pa Mohs lonse. Ndi wofanana ndi zinayi (pafupifupi). Iron ali wabwino magetsi madutsidwe ndi matenthedwe madutsidwe. Mbali yamasika akhoza maganizo wokhudza chitsulo chinthu chipinda ozizira. Popeza nkhaniyi amachititsa kutentha mwamsanga, iye mu nthawi yochepa amatenga gawo lalikulu la khungu lanu, kotero mumamva kuzizira. Olimbikitsa Mwachitsanzo, ku mtengo, tisaiwale kuti madutsidwe ake matenthedwe kwambiri m'munsi. thupi katundu wa chitsulo - kuti limatsogolera ndi kuwira ake kutentha. Woyamba ndi madigiri 1539 Celsius, ndipo chachiwiri - madigiri 2860 Celsius. Ndizachidziwikire kuti katundu khalidwe la chitsulo - plasticity wabwino ndi fluidity. Koma si onse.

Komanso mu thupi katundu wa chitsulo ndi gawo la ilo ndi ferromagnetic. Ndi chiyani icho? Iron, katundu maginito ya kuona mu zitsanzo zosonyeza tsiku lililonse - yekha zitsulo kuti ali wapadera zimasiyanitsa Mbali. Ichi ndi chifukwa nkhani yogwira amatha kukhala nyese ndi munda maginito. Ndi kuchotsa chitsulo otsiriza, maginito katundu amene anali chabe apangidwa, kwa nthawi yaitali maginito yokha. zodabwitsazi singalifotokoze chakuti kapangidwe ka zitsulo alipo ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi free, okhoza kusuntha.

Kumbali ya umagwirira

mchitidwe imeneyi imagwira ntchito zitsulo ntchito pafupifupi. Komabe, mankhwala chitsulo katundu zikusonyeza kuti zitsulo zina zonse (ena kuposa iwo amene ali kudzanja lamanja la haidrojeni mu mndandanda electrochemical). Ndi amathandiza magulu ambiri a zinthu.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi yosavuta

Ferrum anachitira ndi kilorodom, asafe, halogen (ayodini, bromine, chlorine, fluorine), phosphorous, mpweya. Chinthu choyamba kuganizira - zimene ndi oxygenic. Pamene moto Ferrum oxides ake anapanga. Malinga anachita ndi kufanana pakati pamagulu awiri, iwo akhoza zosiyanasiyana. Monga chitsanzo cha Mwanjira imeneyi kungapangitse zotsatirazi aone kuti pali anachita: 2Fe + O ₂ = 2FeO; 4Fe + 3O ₂ = 2Fe ₂ O _3; 3Fe + 2O ₂ = Fe ₃ O _4. Ndipo katundu wa chitsulo okusayidi (mwakuthupi komanso mankhwala) akhoza zosiyanasiyana, malingana osiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zimachitika pa kutentha.

Kenako - mogwirizana ndi asafe. Komanso angayambe yekha pansi pa chikhalidwe cha magetsi. Ngati timatenga timadontho-timadontho asanu a chitsulo pa Mfuko la asafe kupeza timadontho-timadontho awiri nitride chitsulo. Zimene aone kuti pali chiri motere: 6Fe + N ₂ = 2Fe ₃ N.

Ndi kulabadira ndi phosphorous aumbike phosphide. Pakuti zimene zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi zina: atatu Ferrum Mole - pa Mole wa phosphorous, aumbike chifukwa cha phosphide wina Mole. The aone kuti pali akhoza kulembedwa motere: 3Fe + P = Fe ₃ P.

Komanso, mogwirizana akhoza olekanitsidwa mwa pulayimale sulfure zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Choncho n'zotheka kupeza sulfide. Mfundo limene ndondomeko ya mapangidwe thunthu, zofanana ndi zimene tafotokozazi. Ndicho, pali Kuwonjezera anachita. Pakuti ankachita onse mankhwala a mtundu umenewu pamafunika zinthu zapadera, makamaka kutentha, osachepera - catalysts.

Ndi wamba makampani mankhwala anachita pakati pa chitsulo ndi halogens. Izi chlorination, bromination, iodination, fluorination. Monga zochita dzina lokha, njira kuloŵa Ferrum maatomu chlorine maatomu / bromine / ayodini / fluoride kupanga mankhwala enaake / bromide / iodide / fluoride motero. zinthuzi ankagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana mafakitale. Komanso, ferrum angathe kulumikiza ndi pakachitsulo pa kutentha. Chifukwa chakuti katundu mankhwala yachitsulo zosiyanasiyana, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri makampani mankhwala a.

Ferrum ndi zinthu zovuta

Kuyambira zinthu yosavuta pochitika mamolekyulu amene zigwirizana zinthu ziwiri kapena zambiri zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Chinthu choyamba osanenapo - Ferrum anachita ndi madzi. Pali anasonyezedwa katundu yaikulu ya chitsulo. Pamene madzi mkangano pamodzi ndi chitsulo anapanga okusayidi zofunika (umatchedwa choncho chifukwa ndipamene hydroxide, mu mawu ena pamene zimavuta ndi madzi omwewo - m'munsi). Choncho, Mole ngati ife kutenga chimodzi onse anapanga zinthu monga ferrum woipa ndi mpweya wa hydrogen ndi fungo Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala - monga mwa kufanana molar wa munthu wina. The aone kuti pali maganizo akhoza kulembedwa motere: Fe + H ₂ O = FeO + H _2. Malinga ndi kufanana imene kusakaniza ndi zigawo ziwiri, munthu akhoza kupeza di- kapena chitsulo trioxide. Onse wothandizila izi sizachilendo kwambiri makampani mankhwala, ndiponso ntchito m'mafakitale zina zambiri.

Ndi zidulo ndi salt

Popeza ferrum yatsala wa hydrogen mu electrochemical mndandanda wa zitsulo ntchito, izo spososoben aithamangitse yogwira mchitidwe mankhwala. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi M'MALO anachita zomwe zingaoneke pamene kuwonjezera chitsulo kuti acid. Mwachitsanzo, ngati osokonezeka mulingo ofanana molar chitsulo ndi asidi sulphate (Aka sulfuric) pafupifupi ndende, chifukwa timapeza zachitsulo (II) sulphate ndi wa hydrogen mulingo ofanana molar. The aone kuti pali zimenezi zingachitike amaonekera izi: Fe + H _{2 4} = FeSO ₄ + H _2.

Pa mogwirizana ndi mchere wa ayironi akuwonetseredwa kuchepetsa katundu. Ndiko kuti, ntchito zikhoza siyanitsa salt layamba zitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ife Mole mmodzi wa sulphate mkuwa ndi Ferrum yomweyo, ife tikhoza kupeza chitsulo sulphate (II) ndi mkuwa oyera mulingo ofanana molar.

Mtengo kwa chamoyo

Mmodzi wa ambiri mu kutumphuka wa zinthu mankhwala - chitsulo. Katundu wa nkhani Takambirana kale, ndipo tsopano ife tikubwera ku izo mwa mfundo zamoyo view. Ferrum ali ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa mlingo ma ndipo pa mlingo wa chamoyo wonse. Makamaka Chitsulo ndicho maziko a chotero mapuloteni ndi hemoglobin. M'pofunika zoyendera mpweya ndi magazi kuchokera mapapo kwa zimakhala, ziwalo zonse, kuti m'selo iliyonse la thupi, makamaka kwa manyuroni ubongo. Choncho, katundu phindu chitsulo sangathe n'kofunika.

Komanso zingamvekere kroveobrazovanie, Ferrum n'kofunika kuti uziyenda yachibadwa ya chithokomiro England komanso (pamafunika osati ayodini, monga ena amakhulupirira). Komanso, chitsulo kumatanthauza kagayidwe okhudza maselo ambiri, nthawi chitetezo cha m'thupi. More makamaka ferrum mu chiwiya opezeka mu maselo chiwindi, chifukwa kumathandiza n'chongoletsa zinthu zoipa. Iye ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za zosiyanasiyana michere mu thupi lathu. The tsiku zakudya munthu ayenera kukhala ndi mamiligalamu khumi ndi ziwiri za kufufuza amafotokozera.

Zakudya zokhala ndi ayironi

Chotero kwambiri. Iwo kudya onse zomera ndi nyama chiyambi. Choyamba - ichi ndi mbewu monga chimanga, nyemba, dzinthu (makamaka buckwheat), maapulo, bowa (woyera), zipatso zouma, rosehips, mapeyala, yamapichesi, mapeyala, dzungu, amondi, nkhuyu, tomato, burokoli, kabichi, blueberries, mabulosi akuda, udzu winawake, etc. . Chachiwiri - chiwindi, nyama. Ntchito ya mkulu chitsulo okhutira mankhwala kwambiri makamaka woyembekezera, monga thupi la mwana wosabadwayo anapanga amafuna wambirimbiri wa micronutrient kukula yake ndi chitukuko.

Zizindikiro za kusowa kwa ayironi m'thupi

Zizindikiro za kuchuluka wamng'ono wa Ferrum kulowa m'thupi ndi kutopa, nthawi zonse manja yozizira koopsa ndi mapazi, maganizo, Chimaona tsitsi ndi misomali, aluntha kuchepetsa ntchito, matenda m'mimba, ntchito otsika, wonongeka ya chithokomiro England. Ngati inu mungazindikire zizindikiro zina, m'pofunika kuonjezera chiwerengero cha mankhwala okhala chitsulo zakudya zanu kapena kugula mavitamini kapena zowonjezera munali Ferrum. Komanso, onetsetsani kukaonana ndi dokotala anu ngati zizindikiro izi mumamva zoipa kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa Ferrum Makampani

Ntchito ndi katundu wa chitsulo umafananirako. Chifukwa ferromagnetic wake, ntchito kupanga maginito - onse ofooka ntchito zapakhomo (maginito kachikumbutso pa firiji, etc ...) Ndipo wamphamvu kwambiri - zolinga mafakitale. Chifukwa chakuti zitsulo ankaona ali mphamvu yapamwamba ndi kuuma, ndi amakedzana ake ntchito zida zankhondo, ndi zida ankhondo ndi zoweta. Mwa njira, mu Egypt wakhala kudziwika meteoric chitsulo ndi katundu kuposa za chitsulo ochiritsira. Komanso chitsulo wapadera ntchito mu Roma. Kuyambira zinabala chida osankhika. Akatero kapena lupanga anapangidwa kuchokera zitsulo meteoric, akanangokhala nako wolemera kwambiri ndi wolemekezeka munthu.

Nthawi zambiri, zitsulo, zomwe ife m'nkhani ino, ndi mosalekeza kwambiri za zinthu zonse ntchito ndi gulu. Choyamba, anapanga zitsulo ndi kuponyedwa chitsulo, amene ntchito kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana chofunika makampani ndi tsiku ndi tsiku.

Osewera chitsulo otchedwa chitsulo ndi aloyi mpweya, mmene pano wachiwiri kuchokera 1.7 peresenti 4.5. Ngati chachiwiri peresenti pasanathe 1.7, ndiye mtundu wa aloyi kudziwika monga chitsulo. Ngati mpweya chili mwa zikuchokera za 0,02 peresenti, ndiye kuti malonda chitsulo wamba. Kupezeka kwa mpweya mu aloyi zofunika opatsa mphamvu kwambiri, matenthedwe bata, kukana kuti rusting.

Komanso, zitsulo mwina ali ndi zinthu zina zambiri monga zosafunika. manganese izi, ndi phosphorous, ndi pakachitsulo. Komanso cha mtundu umenewu aloyi opatsa makhalidwe ena mwina zidzawonjezedwa chromium, faifi tambala, molybdenum, tungsten, ndi zina zambiri zinthu mankhwala. Mitundu ya chitsulo, imene wambirimbiri silika pano (zinayi peresenti), ntchito ngati thiransifoma a. Anthu analemba zimene ambiri manganese (mpaka cent khumi kapena khumi ndi anai pa) kupeza ntchito mu kupanga mbali ya njanji, mphero, grinders ndi zipangizo zina, lomwe magawo imvera kumva kuwawa mofulumira.

Molybdenum umayamba mu aloyi zikuchokera, ndi kupangitsa thermally khola - monga chitsulo ntchito chida. Komanso, kupeza yonse imene ndipo amagwiritsidwa kwambiri mabanja mu mawonekedwe a mipeni ndi zida zina banja zosapanga steels ayenera zidzawonjezedwa mu aloyi chromium, faifi tambala ndi titaniyamu. Ndipo kuti apeze amadza zosagwira, mkulu mphamvu, ductility, ndi okwanira kuwonjezera vanadium. Pamene adalowa niobium akhoza kukwaniritsa kukana mkulu dzimbiri ndi zinthu mankhwala aukali.

Maminolo magnetite, amene anatchulidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, muyenera kupanga abulusa zovuta, makadi kukumbukira ndi zipangizo zina za mtundu umenewu. Chifukwa zimatha maginito ya chitsulo angapezeke mu zida za tiransifoma, Motors, ndi mapulogalamu ena a pakompyuta. Komanso ferrum mukhoza kuwonjezera kasakaniza wazitsulo ena zitsulo opatsa mphamvu zazikulu ndi kukhazikika makina. Sulphate chinthu ichi ntchito horticulture kwa kulamulira tizirombo (pamodzi ndi sulphate mkuwa). Iron chlorides ili yofunika kwambiri mu kuyeretsedwa madzi. Komanso magnetite ufa ntchito osindikiza wakuda ndi woyera. The njira chachikulu cha ntchito galasi - akumapeza therefrom asidi sulfuric. ndondomeko izi zikuchitika zasayansi mu magawo atatu. Mu gawo loyamba galasi Ferrum anatentha kupereka ferric okusayidi ndi woipa sulfure. Chinthu chachiwiri ndi kusintha kwa Sulfa woipa mu trioxide ake, ndi nawo oxygen. Ndipo chomaliza zinthu chifukwa ndi anadutsa nthunzi ya madzi pamaso pa catalysts, ndipo potero kupereka asidi sulfuric.

Kupeza chitsulo

Kwenikweni yogwira zitsulo ndi yotengedwa mchere ake awiri akuluakulu: magnetite ndipo hematite. Kodi izi ndi kuchepetsa chitsulo kwa mankhwala ake mpweya mu mawonekedwe a coke. Izi zichitike kuphulika ng'anjo, imene kutentha ukufika madigiri zikwi ziwiri centigrade. Komanso, pali njira kuti abwezeretse Ferrum wa hydrogen. Chifukwa chaichi pamaso optionally cha kuphulika ng'anjo. Kukhazikitsa njira zimatenga dongo wapadera, ndi osokonezeka ndi miyala wosweka ndi mankhwala a hydrogen mu kutsinde ng'anjo.

Pomaliza

The katundu ndi ntchito chitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Mwina zofunika kwambiri pa moyo zitsulo wathu. Kudziwidwa ndi munthu, anatenga malo a mkuwa, umene panthawi imeneyo unali nkhani yaikulu kupanga zipangizo ndi zida. Zitsulo ndi chitsulo m'njira zambiri kuposa aloyi zamkuwa ndi malata mawu a katundu thupi, kukana nkhawa makina.

Komanso, chitsulo padziko lathuli ndi ambiri kuposa zitsulo zina zambiri. Misa kachigawo mu matanthwe a pansi padziko pafupifupi asanu peresenti. Ndi wachinayi wambiri mankhwala amafotokozera mu chirengedwe. Komanso, izi amafotokozera mankhwala ndi wofunika kwambiri kugwira ntchito yachibadwa thupi la nyama ndi zomera, makamaka chifukwa zachokera hemoglobin anamanga. Iron n'chofunika kufufuza chinthu, ntchito umene uli wofunika kwa thanzi ndi ziwalo yachibadwa kugwira ntchito. Kuwonjezera pa pamwamba, ndi zitsulo yekha kuti ali maginito wapadera katundu. Popanda Ferrum n'zosatheka kuganizira za moyo wathu.