Mitundu ya zolakwa: mwadongosolo, mwachisawawa, mtheradi, zoyerekeza

Kukhala sayansi yeniyeni, masamu salola kubweretsa mavuto kwa onse popanda kuganizira peculiarities wa chitsanzo makamaka. Makamaka, n'zosatheka kuchita masamu, sayansi muyeso zolondola kwenikweni "ndi diso", osati kutenga nkhani pa nthawi yomweyo kuwonekera zolakwa.

ndi nanga?

Asayansi a mitundu yosiyanasiyana zolakwa apezeka, kotero lero tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti palibe malo amodzi decimal sakhala wopanda chidwi. Kumene, Sikutheka popanda nazo, mwinamwake aliyense pa dziko, ndipo ankangochita ndi nkhaniyo, kupita mwakuya mu thousandths ndi thousandths khumi. Monga amadziwika, manambala ambiri sangathe kugawidwa ndi wina popanda zotsalira ndi miyezo tinasonkhanitsa pa zatsopano - kuyesa mosalekeza kugawanitsa powomba munthu kuyeza iwo.

Pafupifupi molondola ndi kompyuta chofunika kwambiri, monga mmodzi wa magawo waukulu, kulola kulankhula za kulondola kwa deta. Mitundu zolakwa kuonetsa mmene pafupi ziwerengero ku chenicheni. Koma kachulukidwe akuti muyeso njakata - ndicho chimene chimasonyeza bwanji okhulupirika anabwera chifukwa. Ndi lolondola pamwamba, ngati cholakwa anali ang'onoang'ono.

Malamulo a sayansi

Malinga ndi zopezeka malamulo mu mphamvu mchiphunzitso panopa alipo cholakwa, m'njira imeneyi molondola zotsatira za ayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa alipo, theka kuti quadruple chiwerengero cha zatsopano. Ngati kumene yolondola kwambiri chifukwa nthawi zitatu zatsopano akhale nthawi zoposa 9. zolakwa lilibe mwadongosolo.

Metrology amaona zolakwa muyeso ndi imodzi mwa njira zofunika kwambiri kuti pofuna kuonetsetsa traceability. Kodi kutengedwa kumka ku nkhani: kulondola kwa zimakhudza osiyanasiyana zinthu. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti pakhale zovuta dongosolo gulu zikugwira ntchito yekha ndi proviso kuti pokhapo titachitapo. M'mikhalidwe weniweni zimayenda kwambiri yozungulira si kulakwa kwake ndondomeko, komanso maonekedwe a njira yodalirika mauthenga kusanthula.

dongosolo kuwunikira

Mitundu zolakwa panamveka ndi akatswiri a masiku ano:

• mtheradi;
• wachibale;
• yafupika.

Mukhoza kugawanitsa gulu m'magulu ena, ngati potengera zimene zili zifukwa inaccuracy wa anapezazo, ndi zatsopano. Akuti panali:

• zolakwa mwadongosolo;
• ngozi.

Ubwino woyamba ndi zonse zimadalira makhalidwe a ndondomeko muyeso ndi kukhala zikutsatiridwa ngati aliyense wa mwai zotsatirazi zinthu kukhala sichinasinthe.

Koma zolakwa mwachisawawa zikhoza kusintha, ngati mayeso akubwereza kuphunzira ofanana ikuchitika ntchito zida womwewo ndi zinthu zofanana kwa nthawi yoyamba.

Mwadongosolo, mwachisawawa zolakwa zimachitika nthawi imodzi ndipo ali mayesero alionse. Mtengo wa variable mwachisawawa samadziwika pasadakhale, popeza amakwiya zinthu sizimadziwika. Ngakhale sungathe kuti achotse ma aligorivimu kuchepetsa kuchuluka iyi. Iwo ntchito pa siteji ya processing deta tinasonkhanitsa pa pofufuza.

Mwadongosolo poyerekeza ndi mwachisawawa magwero yosiyana, kudzipheralo ake. Iwo wapezeka pasadakhale ndiponso akhoza ndemangayi asayansi pa ubwenzi wovomerezeka ndi zimayambitsa.

Ndipo ngati inu mukumvetsa kwambiri?

Kuti ankamvetsa bwino mfundo za, m'pofunika kudziwa osati mitundu zolakwa, koma zimene ndi zigawo za zodabwitsazi. Masamu akutali zotsatirazi zigawo zikuluzikulu:

• kugwirizana ndi ndondomeko;
• chifukwa zipangizo;
• zotengera malingaliridwe.

Kupoletsa zolakwa mawerengedwe, ndi woyendetsa zimadalira simenti ndi, enieni, makhalidwe ake payekha. Akupanga zotengera malingaliridwe chigawo cha zolakwa zimene zimatsutsana ndi lolondola kusanthula zambiri. Mwina chifukwa ndi kupanda zinachitikira, nthawi zina - mu zolakwika zokhudza chiyambi cha chimango umboni.

Makamaka zolakwa mawerengedwe amaganizira ena mfundo ziwiri, ndiko zoimbidwa ndi methodical.

Zigawo zofunika

Mogometsa ndi olondola - lingaliro, popanda zomwe Sizingawathandize sayansi kapena masamu kapena angapo sayansi zina zachilengedwe ndi cholondola, m'Malemba.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti njira zonse kudziwika kwa anthu kupeza kafukufuku zatsopano ndife olephera. Izi ndi zimene chikwiyire zolakwa mwadongosolo, zimene ndi zosatheka kupewa. Iwo nawonso anakopeka ndi dongosolo la mawerengedwe anatengera ndiponso tsoka chibadidwe mitunduyi ndi mawerengedwe. Kumene, mphamvu zawo ndi kufunika kuwatchinjiriza zotsatira.

Kuonetsetsa musanyalanyaze, mwachitsanzo zolakwa, chifukwa cha zimene - .. Kusagwiritsa khalidwe la woyendetsa mu njira zimenezo, komanso kulephera, ntchito pachithunzichi zipangizo kapena pakutchulidwa vuto lina zosayembekezereka.

Coarse mfundo zolakwa kudziwa zotheka ndi Kusanthula Deta ndi kudzizindikiritsa mfundo pachithunzichi pamene akuyerekeza deta ndi muyezo yeniyeni.

Kodi lero kulankhula masamu, sayansi? cholakwa zikhoza kupewedwa ndi njira zodzitetezera. Anayambitsa njira zingapo zomveka kuchepetsa lingaliro ili. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kuchotsa chimodzi kapena chinthu china kutsogolera zotsatira za malfunctioning.

Categorization ndi gulu

Pali zolakwika:

• mtheradi;
• methodical;
• mwachisawawa;
• wachibale;
• azipereka;
• chida;
• chochuluka;
• zina;
• mwadongosolo;
• munthu;
• malo amodzi;
• zazikulu.

Chilinganizo zolakwa losiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyambira pa nkhani iliyonse amaganizira zinthu zingapo zokhudza mapangidwe wanena deta.

Ngati ife kulankhula za masamu, ndiye pansi mawu akuti zimatulutsa yekha wachibale ndipo mtheradi zolakwa. Koma pamene anakonzeratu nthawi imeneyi ya mogwirizana ndi kusintha tinganene mphamvu, zigawo malo amodzi.

zolakwa chilinganizo chimene amaganizira mogwirizana kwa chandamale ndi zinthu zakunja lili kulembetsa zina, kanjedza zofunika kwambiri. Kudalira deta athandizira kwa kuyesera makamaka adzakhala akulankhula za zolakwa multiplicative kapena zowonjezera.

mtheradi

mawu ambiri amadziwira deta masamu kuti amasulidwe kusiyana pakati pa mitengo anatengedwa pa zimenezo chomveka. Iwo kupangidwa ndi chilinganizo zotsatirazi:

A Qn = Qn - A Q0

A Qn - deta anakhumba, Qn - anafotokozedwa kuyesera, ndi ziro - izi ndi ziwerengero zazikulu zimene poyerekeza.

pamwambapa

Mawu amenewa zimatanthawuza kuti mtengo umene akufotokoza chiŵerengero pakati pa zolakwa Mtheradi ndi ponseponse.

Mu mawerengedwe a mtundu umenewu zolakwa osati zolakwa kugwirizana ndi zipangizo Ntchito mu zimenezo, koma methodological chigawo chimodzi, komanso zolakwa zoyerekeza wa ochuluka. Mtengo yamasika chikwiyire ndi kumalephera onga maphunziro pano pa mita.

Kumagwirizana kwambiri kuti maganizo amenewa ndi zolakwa malangizo. Kumachitika pamene chida anali chopangidwa molakwika, molakwika, molakwa, kuchititsa kuwerenga wosindikiza iwo si yeniyeni zokwanira. Koma tsopano anthu athu ali pa mlingo wa patsogolo luso, pamene chilengedwe cha chida alibe cholakwa zoimbidwa, koma mumangire. Kodi pano kulankhula za ntchito sukulu ndi zatsopano wophunzira zitsanzo achikale. Choncho, pofuna kuti kulamulira, ntchito choyezera, kunyalanyaza zolakwa zoimbidwa ndi zosayenela.

nkhani

Mtundu uwu wa zinayambitsa chimodzi mwa zifukwa ziwiri kapena zovuta:

• zofufuza masamu chitsanzo sanali mokwanira yeniyeni;
• anasankha pachithunzichi muyeso njira.

zotengera malingaliridwe

The amatanthauza imeneyi mfundo ndi analandira pamene masovedwe kapena zatsopano anali kulakwitsa chifukwa cha kusowa Choyenereza yopangira ntchito anthu.

Sitingathe kunena kuti pali kokha pamene ntchito watenga anthu osaphunzira kapena wopusawo nawo. Makamaka, cholakwa kumayambika kupanda ungwiro dongosolo zithunzi. Choncho, zinthu zomwe sangathe mwachindunji zimadalira wosuta experimental Komabe, iwo ali m'magulu monga chinthu anthu.

Statics ndi mphamvu ya chiphunzitso cha zolakwa

zolakwa zina nthawizonse kugwirizana ndi mmene angalankhulire athandizira ndi phindu linanena bungwe. Makamaka, ndondomeko ri ubale mu anakonzeratu nthawi imeneyi. Kulankhula za:

• Zolakwa mu kuwerengetsa mfundo zina anakonzeratu nthawi zonse nthawi imeneyi. Awa amatchedwa malo amodzi.
• Mphamvu conjugate ndi maonekedwe kusiyana wapezeka ndi kuyeza likukulira deta mtundu tafotokozazi ndime.

Kodi chachikulu ndi zomwe sekondale?

Inde, malire a cholakwika kumayambika ndi magawo zazikulu zimene zimakhudza ntchito yapadera Koma chikoka cha si yunifolomu, amene analola ofufuza agawa gulu m'magulu awiri deta:

• Calculated zinthu opaleshoni wabwinobwino ndi mfundo za mawu n'zosangalatsa kumva, manambala onse zokhudza. Zimatchedwa zofunika.
• Zina anapanga mchikakamizo cha zinthu atypical, zosayenera zachilendo makhalidwe abwino. Yemweyo nkhope kunena ngati kumene mtengo waukulu ndi kupitirira malire a yachibadwa.

Ndipo zomwe zikuchitika?

Tili kale kangapo anatchula mawu akuti "zachilendo", koma sanapatsidwe kufotokoza kuti lotani mu sayansi otchedwa zabwinobwino komanso kutchulidwa kuti zinthu akutali ndi zina.

Choncho, zachilendo - vuto limene onse zokhudza mfundo mayendedwe ali mu uthunthu zocitikazo mfundo zawo.

Koma antchito - liwu ntchito mavuto amene kusintha mtengo amapezeka. Poyerekeza ndi wabwinobwino ndiye ukulu ndi okulira kwambiri Komabe, bwanji kufunika angagwe mkati mwachindunji kwa iwo workspace.

Kugwira ntchito ndi kufunika mlingo amadza adzatenge mtengo imeneyi olamulira pamene kovuta zotheka mwa kuyambitsa vuto zina.

Kodi zimakhudza mtengo athandizira?

Kupoletsa zolakwa mawerengedwe, m'pofunika kukumbukira kuti phindu athandizira ndi mbali yaikulu pa magulu zolakwa zimachitika pa nkhani ina. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndikuzikamba

• zowonjezera, amene yodziwika ndi njakata, masamu monga ndalama makhalidwe osiyana anatengedwa ndi gawo. Motero chizindikiro sikumangotikhudza zazikulu asonyeza phindu;
• multiplicative, umene kusintha pamene mtengo anayeza zimakhudzira.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zowonjezera mtheradi - ndi kusamvetsa kuti alibe kugwirizana ndi mtengo muyezo umene - cholinga zimenezo. Mu gawo lirilonse la osiyanasiyana mfundo index likhalebe zonse, si anakhudzidwa ndi magawo ndi kuyeza zida, kuphatikizapo tilinazo.

Zolakwa zowonjezera limasonyeza mmene muyezo waung'ono akhoza kupangidwa ndi ntchito osankhidwa muyeso njira.

Koma multiplicative sadzasintha mosintha, koma Molingana ndi kumakhudzana ndi magawo makhalidwe anayeza. Kodi kwambiri cholakwa kuchita masamu pofufuza tilinazo chipangizo, monga adzakhala malinga ndi phindu. Pali subspecies wa cholakwa ndi chifukwa chakuti mtengo athandizira pa chida choyezera ndipo sinthani ake.

Kodi kuchotsa cholakwa?

Nthawi zina, mungathe kuthetsa cholakwa, ngakhale zimenezi si zoona kwa mtundu uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, mu nkhani ya pamwamba, vuto kalasi Pankhaniyi zimadalira magawo chipangizo ndipo zikhoza kusintha kwa izi molondola kwambiri, njira zamakono. Pa nthawi yomweyo sikutheka kwathunthu kuthetsa muyeso kuipa kugwirizana ndi mbali luso magalimoto ntchito, chifukwa nthawi zonse padzakhala zinthu zimene kuchepetsa lolondola deta.

Classic kusiyanitsa njira zinayi kuthetsa kapena kuchepetsa cholakwa:

• Kuchotsa chifukwa, gwero isanafike zimenezo.
• Kucotsa zolakwika mu miyeso kuti kupeza deta. Kuchita izi, ntchito njira m'malo, kuyesera kukwaniritsa chizindikiro ndi kauntala anaziika wina ndi mzake, komanso kuwaika kuzipenya symmetrical.
• Kuwukonza zotsatira zopezera njira yopanga revisions, ie, zowerengera njira kuchotsa zolakwa.
• Kuona zimene ndiwo malire a zolakwa mwadongosolo, kuwasungira choncho kumene Kupha amenewa sanali kudzasintha.

Njira - kuchotsa zimayambitsa, magwero a cholakwika mwa kupeza deta woyendetsa. Ngakhale kuti njira amatchedwa yoyenera kwambiri, zilibe kusokoneza ndondomeko ntchito M'malo mwake, ndipo chimapangitsa kuti ngakhale mosavuta. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti woyendetsa safuna kuti achotse zolakwa m'kupita kwa deta nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo mulibe kusintha zotsatira kusasanyiwa, n'koyenera pansi malangizo.

Koma pamene anaganiza kuthetsa zolakwika mu njira ya muyeso, ayamba imodzi mwa njira zamakono otchuka.

mungachite chidwi kuchotserapo

The zambiri ntchito yoyang'anira kusintha. Kugwiritsa ntchito iwo muyenera kudziwa ndendende zomwe ndi kukondera chibadidwe mu kuyesera makamaka.

Komanso, amalamula M'MALO zosinthika. Kutembenukira kwa izo, akatswiri ndi chidwi mmalo mwa makhalidwe abwino zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mmalo atawalankhula malo ofanana. Izi si zachilendo pamene kuyeza zedi magetsi chofunika.

Posiyanitsa - njira, napempha kawiri zatsopano, gwero mu gawo lachiwiri amachita pa zotsatira zosiyana poyerekezera ndi loyamba. Close kwa mfundo izi chimake njira, amatchedwa "chizindikiro cha chipukuta misozi" mu kuyesera wina pamene kuchuluka ayenera kukhala abwino mu zina - zoipa, ndi mtengo yeniyeni kuchita masamu amayerekezera zotsatira za miyeso iwiri.