The nzeru za Socrates

Munthu ameneyu wa nzeru ena wamkulukulu mu lonse mbiri ya anthu. The nzeru za Socrates - ichi ndi chinachake imene amaipidwa awo kuganizira anthu opambana a mibadwo yosiyana. Choona chidwi ndi Socrates sanapite kusiya ntchito lolembedwa - maganizo ake nthawi zonse anasamutsa kwa ophunzira pakamwa. Ndipo ophunzira ake ndi olembedwa maganizo amenewa. Pali zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti ambiri a mawu ake anasowa, ndi tanthauzo la ena talandira mu njira olakwika. nzeru Socratic yatsikira kwa ife choyamba zikomo malo Aristotle, Plato, ndi Xenophon.

A malo apadera mu nzeru mfundo zimatengera chikhalidwe, moyo kwathunthu wa munthu, moyo wake, kutsitsimuka. Mosiyana akalambula wake, Socrates si nthawi yocheza kuphunzira thambo ndi munthu kukhala mbali ya dziko. Kuti Socrates maziko zomwe amati ndi Plato ndi Aristotle.

Onani kuti ndi mmodzi wa oyamba anayamba kudabwa za mkhalidwe wa munthu pakati pa anthu. Ndiponso, iye analipirira asamala kwambiri makhalidwe. Lamulo Philosophy ya Socrates lili ya malamulo ndi malamulo, amene iye adamkhulupirira, tikakhale ndi moyo munthu aliyense. Pamaso pake, nzeru ena nkomwe kufunsa mafunso oterewa. Socrates komanso tcheru kwambiri njira ndi umboni kapena kutsutsa choonadi cha chiweruzo.

nzeru Socrates 'mogwirizana ndi mfundo ziwiri. Loyamba ndilochokera kuti kudziwa za yekha, ndipo chachiwiri - chakuti yekha wachibwana kuganiza kuti amadziwa zonse.

Mfundo zimenezi makamaka anagwiritsa ntchito kulimbana ndi Sophists - Socrates ndi sophists konse motsatira, maganizo awo osiyana zambiri. Wafilosofi anadzudzula iwo chifukwa kupanda pake womberani, chifukwa anasonyeza kuti zonena kuti adziwe choonadi. Komanso mfundo izi zinali kugwiritsidwa nzeru zapamwamba kuti kukakamiza anthu kufunafuna choonadi. Kuti chidwi munthu malonda, anagwiritsa ntchito Izitu n'zovutitsa, yomwe ikuchitika ndi kuzindikira umbuli wawo.

Mu nzeru za yekha, iye anamvetsa chofuna kudziwa ndi ukoma. mfundo ziwirizi ndi nthawi iye amafotokozedwa. Iye anatsimikizira kuti umbuli waukulu wa anthu a akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti tikambirane nzeru ndi ukoma ndekha, ndikukhulupirira kuti ngakhale yaikulu chikhalidwe cha anthu. M'mawu ena, iye ananena kuti nthawi zambiri anthu zinthu pamaziko a nzeru osati maganizo. Mogwirizana ndi izi tinganene kuti nzeru za chikumbumtima cha Socrates sayendera makhalidwe abwino, ndiwo mkuyera chosadziwa, pa kusintha kwa iye ukoma.

nzeru Socratic ali zigawo zina zofunika. inductive kulingalira akhoza zimachitika kwa iye. Apa, chirichonse maziko mfundo yakuti mu kusanthula angapo maweruzo munthu kapena kupyolera mwa mfundo zinthu mukhoza chigomeko. Inductive kulingalira anafuna kufotokoza malingaliro lingapereke akamanena za zinthu. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti anali pambuyo zikamera mfundo ambiri.

Socrates anapanga zopereka kwambiri mu kukula kwa dialectics. Aristotle ananena kuti osati anayamba komanso analilenga. Anzeruwo amanena kuti m'pofunika kuthetsa kusemphana zonse chidziwitso cha choonadi. The dialectic ya Socrates - si kanthu koma kukana chiphunzitso cha zotsutsana kugonjetsa iwo ndi simusiya. Nkofunika kuwonjezera kuti lingaliro la nzeru komanso dialectic kwambiri ndi kwambiri zapiringizana ndi zamulungu.

Monga tanenera pachiyambi, Socrates anapanga zopereka kwambiri kuti mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha nzeru. Iwo unatsirizitsa nyengo ya nzeru achilengedwe a nzeru wakale Greek, uyamiko kwa Iye, chitukuko walandira siteji zatsopano za sayansi. Iwo anaipidwa ndi maganizo ake zolemba zake, Plato ndi Aristotle.